Unit 3
Some joining words like although and because (subordinating conjunctions) are used to join two parts of a sentence when one part (main clause) is more important than the other (subordinating clause). A sentence made up of a main clause and a subordinating clause is a complex sentence . Subordinating conjunction What it does Example sentence although, whereas
Show contrast between the two parts of the sentence
Nathan wanted to go to the cave although he liked the Abbey. It’s hard to choose because both would be fun.
because, so that, therefore Show that one idea is the result of the other
4 Make compound sentences by joining each sentence with the most suitable conjunction. Example: It will be great to come back to Barbados although I’m not looking forward to the long flight. (although / because) 1 Grandma would like to visit the museum. She will not want to go river tubing. (whereas / so) 2 I’d like to go river tubing. It sounds like fantastic fun. (because / although) 3 People say stingrays can hurt you. The ones in Stingray City seem to be very friendly. (although / so) 4 We didn’t go tubing. The river was flooded. (although / because) 5 I’d like to go and see the turtle hatchlings. The turtle sanctuary is a long way away. (although / because) 6 I haven’t been to Dark View Falls. I have been to the botanical gardens. (because / whereas) 7 Stingrays are sandy grey in colour. They can’t be seen on the sea floor. (so that / because) 8 We enjoyed river tubing. We were scared some of the time. (whereas / although)
Combining sentences 5 Combine each pair of sentences with one of these conjunctions.
because
so that
whereas
and
so
but
1 The gardens are close by. The museum is a long way away. 2 My sister wants to go to the museum. She is doing a project on local history.
3 Hiking to the waterfall is fun. Hiking to the lake is very difficult. 4 I love spending the whole day out at sea. I’d like to go fishing. 5 Very few baby turtles survive. Thousands are born. 6 They give you a brush. You can groom the donkeys.
• You may like to point out that a sentence in which one clause (part) is more important than the other is also called a complex sentence. You will find more work on compound (and complex) sentences in Unit 12. • Relative pronouns are also used to join clauses in a complex sentence. For more work on relative pronouns see page 137.
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