• Adulterants (Nitrites) - Specimens are considered adulterated when the pH is < 3.0 or > 11.0 or when Nitrite results are greater than 200. This occurs when a substance is added to a sample after collection to “mask” drug presence or “trick” the testing method. Common substances added are lime, vinegar, bleach, ammonia, lemon, Drano, salt, methanol, detergent, blood, gluteraldehyde (Urinaid or Clear Choice additives), or water. Many of the adulterants will leave a trace odor or alter the color of the urine. Some products added to a sample will increase the temperature of the sample, making it hot to touch and registering a temperature far above 100 F. Note: There are numerous products available that claim being added to a urine sample will “fool” the drug test and the individual will test negative. These products (nitrites , pyridium chlorochromate, or glu- teraldehydes) oxidize the sample so that con rmation by GC/MS is not possible. Therefore, the screening test will detect the drug concentration, however, when the sample is tested by GC/MS, the drug concentration present will not be con rmable. • pH measures acidity or alkalinity of the body. The normal Range is published as 3.0-11.0. An expected urine range for a healthy adult is 4.6 to 8.0. Neutral pH is considered to be 7.0 and in most body uids is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. Urine pH may be affected by various factors, even after collection. • Uncovered container allows CO2 to escape or bacteria to enter the sample and increase pH. • Diet high in citrus fruits, vegetables or dairy products may increase urine pH. • Diet high in meat products or cranberries may decrease urine pH. • Medications like ammonium chloride, chlorothiazide diuretics and methenamine mandelate may increase urine pH. • Acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate may decrease urine pH. • Some disease states may have an in uence on urinary pH (diabetes, renal failure and urinary tract infections). • Urine pH is generally measured to identify adulteration of the sample in an attempt to cause false the immunoassay results.
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