Analyzing a test on L3 series software for material testing.
L3 Series Software for Material Testing
Using the Graphic Analysis Tools
The Better Solution
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Page
Page
L3 SOFTWARE ANALYSIS TOOLS
5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9
Using the Peak & Valley Tool (Peel and Cyclic Testing)
34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 52
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3
5.7
Introduction
Numbered Algorithm
5.7.1
Graph Analysis Tools Data Definition Menus
5.7.1.1 Sensitivity
5.7.1.2 Index
Coefficient Sets
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6
5.7.1.3 Numbered Algorithm Scope 5.7.1.4 Numbered Algorithm Name 5.7.1.5 Numbered Algorithm Where 5.7.1.6 Numbered Algorithm Tolerance
Coefficient Naming
Using the Where Function
Using Tolerances
Selecting Algorithms
5.7.2
Minimum Algorithm
Using Scoping
10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 33 33 33
5.7.2.1 Sensitivity
L3 Testing Modes Using the Point Tool
5.4 5.5
5.7.2.2 Minimum Algorithm Scope 5.7.2.3 Minimum Algorithm Name 5.7.2.4 Minimum Algorithm Where 5.7.2.5 Minimum Algorithm Tolerance
Limit Algorithm Point Number
5.5.1
5.5.1.1 5.5.1.2 5.5.1.3 5.5.1.4 5.5.1.5
Point Number Scope Point Number Name Point Number Where Point Number Tolerance
5.7.3
Maximum Algorithm
5.7.3.1 Sensitivity
5.7.3.2 Maximum Algorithm Scope 5.7.3.3 Maximum Algorithm Name 5.7.3.4 Maximum Algorithm Where 5.7.3.5 Maximum Algorithm Tolerance
Slope (Modulus) Intersect Algorithm
5.5.2
Slope (Modulus) ID
5.5.2.1 5.5.2.2 5.5.2.3 5.5.2.4 5.5.2.5
Slope (Modulus) Intersect Scope Slope (Modulus) Intersect Name Slope (Modulus) Intersect Where Slope (Modulus) Intersection Tolerance
5.7.4
Count Algorithm
5.7.4.1 Sensitivity
Count Algorithm Scope Count Algorithm Name Count Algorithm Where Count Algorithm Tolerance
5.7.4.2 5.7.4.3 5.7.4.4 5.7.4.5
Point Envelope Algorithm Offset Yield Point Algorithm
5.5.3 5.5.4
Offset Yield ID
Average Algorithm
5.5.4.1 5.5.4.2 5.5.4.3 5.5.4.4 5.5.4.5
5.7.5
Offset Yield Scope Offset Yield Name Offset Yield Where Offset Yield Tolerance
Sensitivity
5.7.5.1 5.7.5.2 5.7.5.3 5.7.5.4 5.7.5.5
Average Algorithm Scope Average Algorithm Name Average Algorithm Where Average Algorithm Tolerance
Using the Slope/Modulus Tool
5.6
Maximum Slope (Modulus) Algorithm Maximum Slope (Modulus) Scope Maximum Slope (Modulus) Name Maximum Slope (Modulus) Where Maximum Slope (Modulus) Tolerance Tangent Slope (Modulus) Algorithm
Using Min/Max/Avg Tool Maximum Algorithm
5.6.1
5.8
5.6.1.1 5.6.1.2 5.6.1.3 5.6.1.4
5.8.1
Maximum Algorithm Scope Maximum Algorithm Name Maximum Algorithm Where Maximum Algorithm Tolerance
5.8.1.1 5.8.1.2 5.8.1.3 5.8.1.4
5.6.2
Leg Length
Minimum Algorithm
5.6.2.1 5.6.2.2 5.6.2.3 5.6.2.4 5.6.2.5
5.8.2
Tangent Slope (Modulus) Scope Tangent Slope (Modulus) Name Tangent Slope (Modulus) Where Tangent Slope (Modulus) Tolerance Two-point Slope (Modulus) Algorithm Two-point Slope (Modulus) Scope Two-point Slope (Modulus) Name Two-point Slope (Modulus) Where Two-point Slope (Modulus) Tolerance
Minimum Algorithm Scope Minimum Algorithm Name Minimum Algorithm Where Minimum Algorithm Tolerance
5.8.2.1 5.8.2.2 5.8.2.3 5.8.2.4
Average Algorithm
5.6.3
5.8.3
Average Algorithm Scope Average Algorithm Name Average Algorithm Where Average Algorithm Tolerance
5.6.3.1 5.6.3.2 5.6.3.3 5.6.3.4
5.8.3.1 5.8.3.2 5.8.3.3 5.8.3.4
Slope (Modulus) Fit Algorithm Slope (Modulus) Fit Scope Slope (Modulus) Fit Name Slope (Modulus) Fit Where
Using the Work Tool
5.6.4
5.9
Work Algorithm
5.6.4.1 5.6.4.2 5.6.4.3 5.6.4.4
5.9.1
Work Algorithm Scope Work Algorithm Name Work Algorithm Where Work Algorithm Tolerance
5.9.1.1 5.9.1.2 5.9.1.3 5.9.1.4
Slope (Modulus) Fit Tolerance
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Table of Contents
Page
Using Delta Tool
53 53 53 54 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 65 66 67 68 69 70 70
5.10
Delta Algorithm
5.10.1
Delta Algorithm Scope Delta Algorithm Name Delta Algorithm Where Delta Algorithm Tolerance Using Delta in Multi-Run Mode
5.10.1.1 5.10.1.2 5.10.1.3 5.10.1.4
5.10.2
Delta Between Runs Minimum Multi-Runs Maximum Multi-Runs Average Multi-Runs
5.10.2.1 5.10.2.2 5.10.2.3 5.10.2.4
Using Break Tool
5.11
Drop % Algorithm
5.11.1
Drop %
5.11.1.1 5.11.1.2 5.11.1.3 5.11.1.4 5.11.1.5
Drop % Algorithm Scope Drop % Algorithm Name Drop % Algorithm Where Drop % Algorithm Tolerance
Break Rate Algorithm
5.11.2
Break Rate Leg Length
5.11.2.1 5.11.2.2 5.11.2.3 5.11.2.4 5.11.2.5 5.11.2.6
Break Rate Algorithm Scope Break Rate Algorithm Name Break Rate Algorithm Where Break Rate Algorithm Tolerance
Using the Annotation Tool
5.12
Annotation Text Entry Block
5.12.1 5.12.2 5.12.3
Text Color
Annotation Result
Using the Formula Builder Tool
5.13 5.14
Importing Archived Runs
Archived Test Runs
5.14.1 5.14.2 5.14.3 5.14.4
Importing a Test Run from Archive
Comparing Historical Test Run and Active Run Using Statistics with Imported Test Run
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5.0 L3 Graph Analysis Tools
5.3 Data Definition Menu When a graph analysis tool is used, it lets you specify the type of mea- surement you want. Measurements and results are called coefficients. There are a large variety of coefficients available in your L3 Series software. Each coefficient has a Data Definition menu that lets you specify the following for that coefficient: • Coefficient name • Where the coefficient will be displayed • A Tolerance Range for the coefficient • The algorithm used to calculate the coefficient • The scope range for the coefficient
5.1 Introduction Analysis and the finding of results are normally done using the L3 Graph Analysis Tools located in the upper tool bar. After a Run is completed and the graph drawn, you use these tools to obtain your results (coefficients). Or, you can perform all of the runs within a Batch, and then use the Graph Analysis Tools to measure your results on a selected run. Once a result is measured on one run, that results is automatically measured on all runs within the batch. NOTE When you measure for a result on a run within a batch or within a test setup, that result is automatically measured on all of the other runs within the batch or all runs in your Runs List. Similarly, if you delete a result on a run within a batch or within a test setup, that result is automatically deleted on all of the other runs with the batch or all runs in your Runs List. 5.2 Graph Analysis Tools A set of graph analysis tools are displayed in the header tool bar above the graph window. These tools allow you to measure results using the graph trace for your run. Each of these tools will be discussed in detail in this section.
Each of these attributes of a coefficient will be described in detail in this section.
Coefficient Set
Active Coefficient
Coefficient Name WHERE to display
Setup a Tolerance Range
Point Limit Algorithm
The L3 graph analysis tools are: • Annotation Tool • Point Tool • Slope (Modulus) Tool • Peak & Valley Tool • Min/Max/Avg Tool • Work Tool • Delta Tool • Break Tool • Formula Tool
Scope Range
Selecting the X will delete the current coefficient, LPt.
Accept/Save Coefficient
Lock Coefficient
Data Definition Menu - L3 Point
Annotation Tool
Point Tool
Slope Tool
Peak/Valley Tool
Min/Max/Avg Tool
Work Tool
Delta Tool
Break Tool
Formula Tool
Graph Analysis Tools
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5.3.1 Coefficient Sets When the Data Definition menu is displayed for a coefficient, tabs located at the top of the menu show the coefficients available. Coef- ficients are often displayed in sets. Sets are used to display the results that can be viewed in the graph or in the data table. Coefficients are displayed in a “marker” located on the graph with a leader line to the exact point where the result is taken. You can setup each coefficient by selecting the tab and then configur- ing its attributes including Name, Where, Tolerance, Algorithm and Scope.
5.3.2 Coefficient Naming All coefficients have a default name. The name is actually abbreviated and designed to provide a descriptive tag to the coefficient.
The coefficient name may be changed by the user.
The coefficient name may be up to 12 characters in length. It may use spaces, numerics and alphabetical characters. Special characters may be used for naming using the Ctrl+ key as follows:
To rename a coefficient, select the coefficient name text block. Enter the new name using your keyboard.
NOTE Selecting the marker on the graph will launch the Data Definition menu for that coefficient.
The coefficient may be renamed using up to 8 characters including spaces, numerics or alphas.
Active Coefficient
Data Definition Menu Rename a Coefficient
Coefficient Set
Data Definition Menu - L3 Break
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5.3.3 Using Where Function The Where function is used to configure “where” the coefficient will appear. There are four attributes for Where and each has its own symbol in the Data Definition menu: • Result view • Data view • Graph view • Stick Pin
When the Data view is highlited, the coefficient will be displayed on all Data views.
When the Graph view is highlited, the coefficient will be displayed on all Graph views.
When the “Stick Pin” is highlited, the marker used to display the coef- ficient on a graph view is automatically placed at a “best location” by the software. You have the option to move the marker by selecting the marker and repositioning to a preferred location.
Selecting the symbol enables or disables the function. A check mark displays atop the symbol when enabled.
When the Result view is highlited, the coefficient will be displayed in the Results view.
Shows the Graph disabled for Where. This means that the highlited coefficient (LPt) will NOT display in the marker on a graph view. Note the marker is only displaying the result for the DPt coefficient. The check mark is NOT displayed over the Graph icon, therefore the highlited coefficient (LPt) will not display in the marker.
Shows the Graph enabled for Where. This means that the highlited coefficient (LPt) will display in the marker on a graph view.
The check mark displayed over the Graph icon indicates that the Where for the Graphs is enabled.
The Graph marker. The marker highlights in blue showing that its Data Definition menu is active and open.
The coefficient LPt is not displayed in the marker since it is disabled.
Data Definition Menu Using Where function to show where coefficient is displayed
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5.3.4 Using Tolerances Coefficients may make use of tolerances to indicate a “pass” or “fail” result. When Tolerance is selected, you specify two limits to create a “toler- ance range”. If the coefficient result equals or falls within the toler- ance range values, the coefficient will display in black text indicating a “passed” or “in-tolerance” result. If, however, the result falls outside of the tolerance range, the result will display in red text indicating an “out-of-tolerance result” or a “failed” result.
NOTE The units of measure for the tolerance range is automati- cally the same as the units of measure for the result being toleranced. NOTE You can view to Tolerance view to see a tendency graph showing your result with respect to the tolerance range.
The measured result for DPt is 4.851mm. This falls outside the tolerance range of 4.500 to 4.750. Therefore, the result is out-of-tolerance (fail) and is displayed in red text.
The measured result for DPt is 4.851mm. This falls within the tolerance range of 4.500 to 5.000. Therefore, the result is within tolerance (pass) and is displayed in black text.
Data Definition Menu Using Tolerance to set limits on the coefficient DPt
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5.3.5 Selecting Algorithms Algorithms are the methods available for a coefficient to calculate a result. Most coefficients have multiple algorithms which the user may choose from.
Algorithms may also have dependent variables that may also be selected.
Select the algorithm by selecting the algorithm block and then select the dependent variable associated with the variable.
NOTE Algorithms are discussed in more detail in the following sections.
Select the Delta algorithm and the Load dependent variable. This will measure the differ- ence (delta) between two points on the graph.
The two yellow highlited markers indicate they are anchored and used to calculate the Delta algorithm for Load. The ΔL (delta Load) is displayed as a result.
Data Definition Menu Using Delta algorithm on Load variable
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5.3.6 Using Scoping The scope function is used to define the range or location within your graph and data points where a result is to be measured.
The “+” operator specifies that the result should be measured “AFTER” the specified scope setting. For example, you might want to know the stress value 100mS after the maximum load value of your test. You would use the “+” operator to specify a measurement 100mS after the coefficient L max (Maximum Load). The “-” operator specifies that the result should be measured “BEFORE” the specified scope setting. So to measure the stress value at 100mS before the maximum load value, you would use the “-” operator.
Coefficients may have a single or pair of scope settings.
Scope handles appear on the graph and correspond to the scope set- tings. Moving the scope handles causes the scope settings to change accordingly.
Scope settings have three types of operators:
Scope settings have multiple units of measure on which the scope setting can be associated.
The “@” operator specifies that the result should be measured “at this specific point”.
NOTE Scope settings can be set using the scope handles and be based on the data stream used to draw your graph, e.g. the x-axis and y-axis data. NOTE Scope settings can be set using the coefficients as the START and FINISH of your scope segment.
The scope operator is positive (+). The start of my scope is coefficient LPt. The result will be the load value 100mS after LPt.
The scope operator is negative (-). The start of my scope is coefficient LPt. The result will be the load value 100mS before LPt.
A positive scope is used. The result shows LPt2 @ 5.64N, which is the load value 100mS AFTER my anchored coefficient LPt.
A negative scope is used. The result shows LPt2 @ 4.10N, which is the load value 100mS BEFORE my anchored coefficient LPt.
Data Definition Menu Using Scope to find a new result
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5.4 L3 Testing Modes L3 systems use stress, load, strain, distance and time for measurement and analysis. When in stress-strain mode, the coefficients and graph types are automatically set to measure stress-strain results. When stress-strain is used, the available graphs for analysis are: • Stress x Strain ( σ x ϵ ) • Stress x Time ( σ x T) • Strain x Time ( ϵ x T)
NOTE In order to perform a stress-strain test and to measure for stress and strain results, you must have used the Sample Definition Step in your test setup.
Test Setup With a Sample Definition step
Stress x Time mode
Stress x Strain mode
Strain x Time mode
Full Graph view Show Stress results using Stress x Time graph
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When in load-distance mode, the coefficients and graph types are automatically set to measure load-distance results. When load-distance is used, the available graphs for analysis are: • Load x Distance (L x D) • Load x Time (L x T) • Distance x Time (D x T)
NOTE When no Sample Definition step is used in your test setup, the measurements and graphs are load-distance based. There is no ability to measure stress or strain.
Test Setup Without Sample Definition step
Load x Distance mode
Load x Time mode
Distance x Time mode
Full Graph view Graph options are Load-Distance-Time based (No Sample Definition Step)
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5.5 Using the Point Tool The Point tool lets you measure any point along your graph trace. The graph trace for a Run is comprised of points based on the Sampling Rate you have specified for your test setup. The Point tool is used in Load-Distance modes. And the Point tool may be scoped along either the y-axis (Load) or on the x-axis (Distance, Time). All Point measurements have a specified Scope. The scope allows you to further define where a point is measured. Using the Scope units, you may define the scope for your point based on load, distance or time. For example, if you want to measure a point that is 100mS after the maximum load on your graph, you can set the maximum load coef- ficient ( L max) as an anchor for your point, and then set the scope at 0.1 seconds after the anchor. This will give you a result for load that is 100mS after your maximum load result.
Slope Intersect Point
Limit Point
Offset Yield Point
Point Tool types
Active coefficient is LPt.
Limit point algorithm being used to find the Distance (DPt) at a load limit target of 50N.
Load Limit Point Data Definition Menu Showing result at 50N Load Limit
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5.5.1 Limit Algorithm The Limit algorithm lets you find a specific load, distance or time point on your graph. Select the Point tool and select the Limit algorithm. A scope handle will appear on either the y-axis or x-axis. You can adjust to where on the graph you want to measure. And you can adjust your scope using the Scope entry field and base your scope on load, distance or time. NOTE Selecting above the graph trace will set the scope on the y-axis. Selecting below the graph trace will set the scope on the x-axis. You can reposition the scope handle by moving it onto either axis.
Active coefficient is DPt.
Limit point algorithm being used to find the Distance (DPt) at a load limit target of 50N.
Distance Limit Point Data Definition Menu Showing result at 50N Load Limit
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5.5.1.1 Point Number The Point Number default is 1. This means that the L3 software will find the first point, measuring from left-to-right on the graph that meets your point setup. If the Point Number is 2, the L3 software will find the second point on your graph (looking at all data points from left-to-right) that equals your Point setup.
If the Point Number is -1, the L3 software will find the first point, mea- suring from right-to-left on the graph that meets your point setup.
NOTE Positive Point Numbers measure from left-to-right along the graph. Negative Point Numbers measure from right-to-left along the graph.
Positive Point Nos. analyze from left to right 1
2
Finds the second location where the Load = 5N.
Scope uses Load (y-axis). Scope is set @ 5N.
Load Point at Point No. 2 Measures from left to right
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Positive Point Nos. analyze from left to right 1
Finds the first location where the Load = 5N.
Load Point at Point No. 1 Measures from left to right
-4
-3
-2
-1
Negative Point Nos. analyze from right to left
Finds the fourth location where the Load = 5N.
Load Point at Point No. -4 Measures from right to left
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5.5.1.2 Scope The Scope setup for your Limit may be based on load, distance or time. Select the Units you want the scope to be calculated from.
Use the “@” operator to set the scope “at a specific scope point”.
Use the “+” operator to set the scope “at a position AFTER a specific scope point”. The AFTER scope function should be used with another anchored results. For example, finding the Point 100ms AFTER (+) the maximum load value. The maximum load value would be the anchored coefficient and displays in yellow when anchored. Use the “-” operator to set the scope “at a position BEFORE a specific scope point”. The BEFORE scope function should be used with another anchored results. For example, finding the Point 100ms BEFORE (-) the maximum load value. The maximum load value would be the anchored coefficient and displays in yellow when anchored.
Shows a point result called LPt2. This point is 250mS BEFORE the anchored point LPt. The scope specifies LPt as the start. The “-” operator is used to measure 250mS BEFORE LPt. [S.s] seconds or time is the units of measure.
250mS
250mS
Anchored Result
Enter the new Scope setting or adjust the scope by moving the scope handle along the Time axis (x-axis).
Shows a point result called LPt2. This point is 250mS AFTER the anchored point LPt. The scope specifies LPt as the start. The “+” operator is used to measure 250mS AFTER LPt. [S.s] seconds or time is the units of measure.
Yellow indicates that another coefficient (LPt) is anchored.
Limits Using an Anchored Point Locates the LPt2 @ 250ms after (+) LPt
Limits Using an Anchored Point Locates the LPt2 @ 250ms before (-) LPt
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5.5.1.3 Point Number Name When a Point is specified, the Data Definition menu displays three tabs. Each tab corresponds to the coefficient set for that point with a Load Point, Distance Point and Time Point. These points have default names as follows: • Load Point = LPt • Distance Point = DPt • Time Point = TPt
When more than one set of points is used in the graph trace, each subsequent point is named with a number. For example, LPt2.
You can rename your Points using up to 8 alpha, numeric or space characters.
NOTE Coefficient names may be up to 8 characters in length.
Rename your coefficient. This new name will appear on all specified views- Result view, Graph views and Data views.
Rename a Coefficient
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5.5.1.4 Point Number Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the coefficient (result) to display. There are three locations where a result can display: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table) The Where function also includes “Stick Pin” symbol. When this is used, the marker for this coefficient on any graph view is automatically placed by the software. You are able to move the marker to a preferred position, however, when the “stick pin” symbol is selected, the marker is automatically placed in a “best fit location” on your graph.
Graph views- because it is checked, the active coefficient (L@250mS) will display on all Graph views.
Results view. Unchecked, so doesn’t appear.
Data views- because it is checked, the active coefficient (L@250mS) will display on all Data views (tables).
Shown is a cut-away of the Data Definition menu. The WHERE section lets you define “where” you want the coefficient displayed. There are three options: Results view- note that the symbol has no check and is greyed out. It doesn’t appear in the Results view. Data views- because it is checked, the active coefficient (L@250mS) will display on all Data views (tables). Graph views- because it is checked, the active coefficient (L@250mS) will display on all Graph views.
Using WHERE Function Specifies “where” a coefficient is displayed
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5.5.1.5 Point Number Tolerance Your result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distinguish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
A tolerance range is created by specifying Limit 1 and Limit 2. Results that fall outside the tolerance range are displayed in red indicating an “out-of-tolerance” result. In this example, the tolerance range is between 4.50N and 4.75N. The result is 4.92N, which is outside the specified range.
Using Tolerance Function Specifies “in-tolerance” limits
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5.5.2 Slope Intersect Point Algorithm The Slope Intersect algorithm is a point result. This is used in conjunc- tion with the Slope tool. The Slope tool is used to find the slope of your graph trace for a segment that you specify using scoping.
The Slope Intersect algorithm lets you find a point along your slope line as opposed to finding a point along the curve created by your mea- sured data stream. NOTE This point uses the slope line as opposed to the data line on your graph. It is a derived result based on the slope line created on your load-distance curve.
The Slope Intersect may be used with either a stress-strain or load- distance test.
Slope Line
The Slope ID reference is E2. A slope must be found first before you can measure a Slope Intersect result.
Finds the projected load result along the slope line at a scope of 0.5mm.
Using Point Slope Intersect Indicates the result along a slope line
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5.5.2.1 Slope (Modulus) ID The Slope ID is the identifier of the slope line that will be used to obtain the Slope Intersect point. Because your graph may have more than one slope line, L3 Series software requires that you specify the slope line to be used. Slope (Modulus) Intersect Scope The Slope Intersect point may be scoped using the y-axis or x-axis. If the scope uses the y-axis, the load is used to find the distance along the slope line. 5.5.2.2
5.5.2.4 Slope (Modulus) Intersect Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Slope Intersect point coefficient (result) to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table) Slope (Modulus) Intersect Tolerance Your point result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distinguish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. 5.5.2.5 When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
If the scope uses the x-axis, the load is used to find the load along the slope line.
5.5.2.3 Slope (Modulus) Intersect Name The Slope Intersect name is the point name. The default name for this result in the same for a point, e.g. LPt. It may be useful to rename this point to show its a point constructed by the slope line. For example, using the slope symbol ( λ ), you might want to use the Slope ID with your name, λ 2Pt1.
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5.5.3 Point Envelope Algorithm The Point Envelope algorithm is used with the Tolerance settings. You use this algorithm to create a “tolerance envelope” between adjacent point markers. A line segment is created between the two sets of tolerance limits for each marker. If the graph trace stays within the en- velope, the tolerance lines display green indicating that the measured results is within the envelope. If the graph trace goes outside the envelope at any point, the tolerance line segment displays red. If the data for the results is outside the high limit, the top line segment will display red. If the data for the result is outside the low limit, the bottom line segment will display red. NOTE When using an envelope tolerance, it is important the your Limit 1 and Limit 2 values represent the same tolerance, i.e., Limit 1=Low Tolerance and Limit 2=High Tolerance.
Graph trace within the tolerance envelope
A Tolerance Envelope is created by adjacent markers and the individual marker’s tolerance limits.
In this example, the top tolerance line segment is red because the graph trace is ABOVE the tolerance envelope that was created.
Using Point Envelope Tolerance Finds any data point within or outside of the Tolerance Envelope
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5.5.4 Offset Yield Point Algorithm The Offset Yield algorithm is a point result. This is used in conjunction with the Slope/Modulus tool. The Slope tool is used to find the slope of your graph trace for a segment that you specify using scoping.
5.5.4.1 Offset Yield ID The Offset Yield ID is the identifier of the line that will be used to obtain the Slope Intersect point. Because your graph may have more than one slope line, L3 Series software requires that you specify the slope line to be used. Offset Yield Scope The Offset Yield point may be scoped based on a percent of the strain value (Offset) and referenced to the slope line. You may vary the per- cent offset if necessary. 5.5.4.2 5.5.4.3 Offset Yield Name The Offset Yield name is the point name. The default name for this result in the same for a point, e.g. σ Pt. It may be useful to rename this point to show its a point constructed by the slope line. For example, you might want to name as the Tensile Strength at 0.2% (TS@0.2%).
The Offset Yield may be used with stress-strain test.
The Offset Yield algorithm lets you find a point along your slope line that is parallel to the slope line and that is offset from the slope line by a percent of the strain. Where the offset line intersects your data trace is the offset point. NOTE This point uses the slope line as opposed to the data line on your graph. The offset line is drawn parallel to the slope line with a percent offset based on strain.
Tensile Strength @ 0.2% Offset
0.2% Offset
Modulus Line Reference
Using Point Offset Yield Finds the Offset point based on the modulus line
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5.5.4.4 Offset Yield Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Offset Yield point coefficient (result) to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table)
5.5.4.5 Offset Yield Tolerance Your point result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distinguish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
The Offset result displays Red (Out-of-Tolerance) since the value is less than the Limit 1 Tolerance of 112,500.00 Mpa.
Tolerance Limits on Offset Yield Point Result is outside the Tolerance Range, displays Red for “out-of-tolerance”
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5.6 Using the Slope (Modulus) Tool The Slope or Modulus Tool is used to find the slope along the curve in your graph or to determine results such as the elastic modulus of a material. L3 Series software has four (4) algorithms that you may use to find the slope or modulus along your data curve: Automatic Fit, Maximum, Tangent and Two-point also known as Chord or Segment slope.
5.6.1 Maximum Slope Algorithm The Maximum Slope algorithm uses all of the data within a segment that you specify using scope up to the greatest stress or load value measured within that segment. The Maximum Slope algorithm uses all of the data points within your segment and looks for the greatest stress or load value first. It then calculates the slope from this greatest value. Because it is possible to have multiple peaks within your graph, the Maximum Slope algorithm will evaluate the data and find the greatest value within the entire data stream.
Max Slope & Slope Fit
Tangent Slope
Two-Point Slope
The Maximum Slope algorithm draws the slope or modulus line on the graph in green and calculates the elastic modulus for stress-strain.
Slope Measurement Tools
Elastic result is 17019.55 Mpa
Uses all the data points along the graph trace to find the data segment with the greatest slope.
The green line is the slope line.
The blue line is the data segment determined to have the greatest slope.
Using Automatic Slope (Fit) Indicates the elastic result along a blue slope line
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5.6.1.1 Maximum Slope Scope The scope for maximum slope may be based on a specific point, such as the proportional limit. Or, you may find it better to position the scope handles for your maximum slope along the x-axis until the slope line is drawn based on your data. As you position the scope handles, you will notice that the blue line segment changes to highlight the data representing the greatest slope. 5.6.1.2 Maximum Slope Name The maximum slope name may be changed from its default of lambda ( λ) to a name of your choosing.
5.6.1.3 Maximum Slope Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Maximum Slope and corresponding elastic point coefficient (result) to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table) Maximum Slope Tolerance Your elastic result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distin- guish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. 5.6.1.4 When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
The maximum slope name may be up to 8 characters in length.
NOTE Use the Ctrl key + l to display λ .
The modulus line (green) is constructed along the curve and is scoped from the Start to the Finish of the test run. All data is used along the modulus line to find the Maximum Slope.
The elastic result is 17806.96 Mpa.
Maximum Slope Shows elastic using the entire data stream from the Start to the Finish of the test
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5.6.2 Tangent Slope Algorithm The tangent slope or initial tangent is the slope of the line drawn tan- gent to a point or leg on the load-distance curve. The tangent slope is useful in describing the behavior of materials that have been stressed beyond the elastic region and that exhibit curves that make other types of modulus determination difficult.
5.6.2.1 Leg Length The Leg Length establishes how many data points on either side of the tangent point are used to calculate the slope line. A leg length is used since a slope line cannot be drawn based on a single point. The greater the value of the leg length, the more data points are used to draw the modulus and to obtain the result. NOTE The greater the leg length, the greater the number of data points are used to establish the slope line. When the leg length = 19, 9 data points on either side of your reference point are used to construct the modulus line. 5.6.2.2 Tangent Slope Scope The scope for tangent slope is based on a specific point and a specified leg length. As you position the scope handle, you will notice that the blue line segment created using the leg length changes to highlight the data representing the greatest slope.
The tangent slope is determined at a point on the curve and by the user defining a Leg Length.
Tangent Slope
Slope Measurement Tools
The elastic is 6736.30 Mpa.
The modulus line (green) is constructed along the curve and is scope from the Strain point at 0.942%. The Leg Length of 19 creates a line segment with 9 points on either side of the Strain point. This draws the modulus line.
The x-axis (Distance) is used for scope.
Tangent Slope Shows elastic at tangent point
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5.6.2.3 Tangent Slope Name The tangent slope name may be changed from its default of lambda ( λ) to a name of your choosing.
5.6.2.5 Tangent Slope Tolerance Your elastic result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distin- guish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
The maximum slope name may be up to 8 characters in length and may use special characters.
NOTE Use the Ctrl key + l to display λ .
5.6.2.4 Tangent Slope Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Tangent Slope and corresponding elastic coefficient (result) to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table)
The tolerance range is between 75.00 and 80.00. Since the result is 76.87N/mm, the result is within tolerance and displays in black text.
Split Graph-Data View Shows WHERE results are displayed and tolerance setting for the slope coefficient
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5.6.3 Two-point Slope (Modulus) Algorithm The two-point algorithm constructs a modulus line between two user- defined points on the load-distance curve. The two-point algorithm is also called the Chord or Segment slope. Once the curve is drawn, you can adjust your scope handles to create your modulus line. The elastic result is calculated using this line repre- sented as a green line along your data.
5.6.3.1 Two-point Slope Scope The scope for a segment or two-point slope is based on two specific points that defined the end points of a line segment. This line seg- ment is the chord or two-point modulus. As you position the scope handles, the green line representing the modulus repositions itself along the curve. You can adjust the scope handles or enter the start and ending values in the Data Definition menu for the two-point slope algorithm. The elastic is calculated within the segment.
Two-Point Slope
Slope Measurement Tools
The modulus line (green) is constructed along the curve and is scoped between two existing points (DPt and DPt2). The green line is the slope line. The result is 96.89N/mm.
The scope range was specified by moving the scope handles along the x-axis until the two existing markers changed to yellow color indicating they are anchored.
Two-Point Slope Shows elastic using two anchor points
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5.6.3.2 Two-point Slope Name The two-point slope name may be changed from its default of lambda ( λ) to a name of your choosing.
5.6.3.4 Two-point Slope Tolerance Your elastic result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distin- guish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
The maximum slope name may be up to 8 characters in length and may use special characters.
NOTE Use the Ctrl key + l to display λ .
5.6.3.3 Two-point Slope Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Two-point Slope and corresponding elastic coefficient (result) to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table)
The scope range was specified by moving the scope handles along the x-axis at the Starting Strain of 0.5% and the Finishing Strain of 0.75%.
Two Point Slope (Chord Modulus) Shows elastic using two specified points
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5.6.4 Slope (Modulus) Fit Algorithm The automatic Slope Fit algorithm uses a least square fit between the two scope locations that you define on your graph. The Slope Fit algorithm uses the first data point and maximum load point and then divides the data into equal regions with no overlap. A least squares fit is applied to all points in each region to determine the individual slopes within the region. The region with the highest slope is assigned the slope on which elastic is determined.
5.6.4.1 Slope Fit Scope The scope for the automatic fit slope is based on two specific points that defined the end points of a line segment. One point is the maxi- mum load value on the curve. As you position the scope handles, the green line representing the modulus repositions itself along the curve. You can adjust the scope handles or enter the start and ending values in the Data Definition menu for the two-point slope algorithm. The elastic is calculated within the segment.
Max Slope & Slope Fit
Slope Measurement Tools
The modulus line (green) is constructed within the scope range.
The blue line represents the line segment used to determine the greatest slope.
The scope range was specified by moving the scope handles along the x-axis until the two existing markers changed to yellow color indicating they are anchored.
Slope Fit Shows elastic using entire data stream
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5.6.4.2 Slope Fit Name The automatic fit slope name may be changed from its default of lambda to a name of your choosing.
5.6.4.4 Slope Fit Tolerance Your elastic result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to distin- guish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
The maximum slope name may be up to 8 characters in length and may use special characters.
NOTE Use the Ctrl key + l to display λ .
5.6.4.3 Slope Fit Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the automatic Fit Slope and corresponding elastic coefficient (result) to display. Dis- play the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table)
Slope Fit Shows Split Graph Data view with Tolerance on elastic
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5.7 Using Peak & Valley Tools (Peel and Cyclic Testing) Peel tests have characteristically noise curves with multiple peaks and valleys. With L3 Series software, you can easily and quickly analyze your peel data results and determine such results as the number of peaks and valleys for a segment; the minimum or maximum load or stress values within a segment or for the entire test. You can deter- mine the average values for a segment or for the entire test.
Numbered Peak Valley
Average Peak Valley
Count Peak Valley
The tools available for peak & valley analysis are ideal for peel testing, coefficient of friction testing or for applications utilizing cyclic testing.
Peak/Valley Tools
The bright blue peak is Peak #10 (Index) with a load result of 6.71N.
Peaks are identified based on load sensitivity. All peaks for the scope range are highlited.
The scope range begins at the Start and finishes at 15.000mm.
Slope Fit Shows elastic using entire data stream
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5.7.1 Numbered Algorithm The Numbered algorithm is used to find the maximum peak or valley within a specified scope range and that meet a specified sensitivity.
5.7.1.2 Index The Index default value is 1. An Index = 1 means that the result is measured at the first incident (looking at the data from left to right) on the curve where the Sensitivity qualification is met. If the Index value is 2, the data stream on the curve is evaluated for sensitivity to determine which peaks and valleys are qualified, and then it looks for the second incident to report the maximum peak or maximum valley.
Selecting above the curve will report using the peaks data, while selecting below the curve will report the valleys data.
The numbered algorithm may be used for load or distance.
5.7.1.1 Sensitivity Sensitivity is a percent value. It is the percent that qualifies a peak or a valley based on an equal percentage rise and fall. For example a sen- sitivity of 25 would look at all data within a defined scope region where the data for a rise and fall is at least 25% of greater. When the portion of the curve qualified against the sensitivity, it is highlited in blue. If a rise on the curve for load was 25% (an increase in load from the start of the rise to the end of the rise (peak), and the fall on the curve was less than 25%, this portion of the curve would not qualify, therefore, the segment on the curve is not a valid peak and valley. This portion of the curve would not highlight in blue.
You may use a negative Index number (e.g. -1). When a negative index is used, the data is evaluated from right to left.
There was a rise and fall of 5N or greater. The highlited peaks are qualified as having a rise and fall of 5N or more.
There are eleven (11) qualified peaks.
5%
Sensitivity Used to qualify what is or isn’t a Peak or Valley
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5.7.1.3 Numbered Algorithm Scope The scope for the Numbered Peak & Valley algorithm is based on two specific points that defined the end points of a data segment.
5.7.1.6 Numbered Algorithm Tolerance Your Numbered result (coefficient) can make use of a tolerance to dis- tinguish the result as either a “pass” or “fail” relative to your tolerance limits. When you use a tolerance, you specify two tolerance limits. If your result equals or falls within the range created by these two tolerances, the result is displayed in black text and is deemed a “pass”. If the result falls outside the tolerance range, the result displays in red text and is deemed a “fail”. Your L3 Series software also features a Tolerance view (TOL) that displays a tendency graph for the result. This graph displays whether the actual result is at the high or low end of the tolerance range you have established.
You may position the scope handles along either the y-axis or x-axis to define the data segment where you are interested in analyzing.
Or, you may implicitly specify your start and end scope points using values or other coefficients that can be used as anchors. Anchored coefficients display in yellow. 5.7.1.4 Numbered Algorithm Name The Numbered algorithm name may be changed from its default. The result name may be up to 8 characters in length and may use special characters. 5.7.1.5 Numbered Algorithm Where The WHERE function is used to specify where you want the Numbered result to display. Display the point on any of these views: • Results View • Graph Views using a Marker • Data Views (a column within the table)
Minimum load tolerance is 5N. Results display in red for out-of-tolerance results. Load less than 5N.
Out-of-tolerance results displayed in red on all views: Result view, Graph and Data table.
Where is setup to display Lpeak on: • Results view • Graph views • Data views
Graph- Data view is selected
Standard view is selected
Minimum Peak Result views Displays on Result view and Split Graph-Data view
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5.7.2 Minimum Algorithm (Peak) The Minimum algorithm finds the minimum or lowest measured result within a scope segment or for the entire test. Selecting above the curve will let you look for the minimum peak loads. Setting the sensitivity will define the peaks that qualify and based on these qualified peaks, the algorithm will find and report the peak having the minimum load or stress value for all of these peaks. Sensitivity Sensitivity is a percent value. It is the percent that qualifies a peak or a valley based on an equal percentage rise and fall. For example a sen- sitivity of 5 would look at all data within a defined scope region where the data for a rise and fall is at least 5% of greater. When the portion of the curve qualified against the sensitivity, it is highlited in blue. 5.7.2.1 If a rise on the curve for load was 5% (an increase in load from the start of the rise to the end of the rise (peak), and the fall on the curve was less than 5%, this portion of the curve would not qualify, therefore, the segment on the curve is not a valid peak and valley. This portion of the curve would not highlight in blue.
5.7.2.2 Minimum Algorithm Scope The scope for the Minimum algorithm is based on two specific points that defined the end points of a data segment.
You may position the scope handles along either the y-axis or x-axis to define the data segment where you are interested in analyzing.
Or, you may implicitly specify your start and end scope points using values or other coefficients that can be used as anchors. Anchored coefficients display in yellow. Minimum Algorithm Name The Minimum algorithm name may be changed from its default of Lpeak when based on load. For example, you may rename Lmin. 5.7.2.3
The result name may be up to 8 characters in length and may use special characters.
Sensitivity = 5%
The peak with the minimum load is identified with the bright blue line. Other qualified peaks (Sensitivity 5%) are also displayed in light blue.
Note, the name of the coefficient was changed to MinPk (minimum peak).
Minimum Peak Shows the minimum peak within the scope range
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