Skyscrapers
to alter the orifice openness ratio. The tuned liquid dampers are more cost-effective and require little or no maintenance but occupy more space when compared to the tuned mass dampers. 20
In conclusion, skyscrapers use one or a combination of engineering techniques to sustain the extreme lateral loads caused by high wind and ensure the comfort of people inside the building. The first technique is to add stiffness to the building. The second technique is to modify the building to have aerodynamic shape which can be done in 5 distinct ways: softened corners, tapering and setbacks, varying cross-section shape, spoilers and openings. The last technique is to install supplementary damping systems such as tuned mass dampers, tuned sloshing dampers or tuned liquid columns in the building. The last two techniques are more favoured by developers as they are more economical than adding stiffness to the building. As of 2020, the Burj Khalifa inDubai holds the title for being theworld’s tallest skyscraper with an architectural height of 828metres. 21 However, it is clear that with continuous improvement of technology, building skyscrapers is becoming less difficult and we are going to see skyscrapers rise even higher in the coming years. The increased population in urban societies and the constant pressure of limited land area with expensive prices mean that skyscrapers, which were originally a form of commercial architecture, will increasingly be used for residential purposes. 22 Therefore, it is likely that these skyscrapers will become less of a symbol of cites and countries or power and wealth of companies and become a necessary and fundamental part of the modern city.
Bibliography
Baker, W.F., Korista, S. and Novak, L.C. (20 08) ‘Engineering the world’s tallest - Burj Dubai’, CTBUH 2008 8 th world congress , Dubai, 3-5 March. pp.1-10. Available at: https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/1326-engineering-the-worlds-tallest- burj-bubai.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2020). DEICON (2016) Tuned mass dampers . Available at: http://www.deicon.com/tuned-mass-dampers/. (Accessed:6 August 2020) Engineering ToolBox (2004) Strouhal number . Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/strouhal- number-d_582.html (Accessed: 31 July 2020). Irwin, P. (2007) ‘Bluff body aerodynamics in wind engineering’, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 19(6), pp. 701-712. Available at: http://www.ihrc.fiu.edu/wp- content/uploads/2014/03/Irwin2008_BluffBodyAerodynamics.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2020). Irwin, P et al. (2008) ‘Wind and tall bu ildings – negatives and positives’ , the Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings , 17(5), pp. 915-928. doi: 10.1002/tal.482 Mills, F. (2018) How tall buildings tame the wind . Available at: https://www.theb1m.com/video/how-tall- buildings-tame-the-wind (Accessed: 31 July 2020). Poon, D. et al. (2004) ‘Structure design of Taipei 101, the world’s tallest building’, CTBUH 2004 Seoul conference , Seoul, 10-13 October, pp. 271-278. Available at: https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/1650-structural-design-of-taipei-101-the- worlds-tallest-building.pdf (Accessed: 6 August 2020). Robinson, J.K., Gamble, S.L. and Myslimaj, B.M. (2007) ‘Supplemental damping and using tuned sloshing dampers’, STURTUREMagazine , 5(6), pp. 14-18. Available at: https://www.structuremag.org/wp- content/uploads/2014/09/C-Prac-Sol-Tuned-Liq-Dampers-Robinsonpac-5-11-07.pdf (Accessed: 9 August 2020).
20 Tamboli and Tomasetti 2005: 2-3. 21 The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2020a. 22 Tikkanen et al. 2017.
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