role in defending the Palestinian cause and addressing internal Palestinian divisions. The study also found near consensus among respondents (93 %) that political divisions between Arab states influence the elite’s understanding and framing of the war on Gaza. Additionally, a large majority (87 %) agreed that the elite’s ties to ruling regimes, centres of power and media institutions exacerbate internal divisions. Moreover, 79 % of respondents believe that the Arab elite have failed to present or develop a viable alternative to the binary of resistance and negotiation as a pathway for liberating Palestine from Israeli occupation. Keywords : Elite Roles, Role Effectiveness, Role Theory, War on Gaza, Israeli Occupation.
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