and deferred gratification, and their substitution with neoliberal values focusing on consumption. Additionally, he notes the retreat from the nation-state and a cohesive national culture as the primary reasons for the West's declining power and the collapse of its civilisational project, leading it to a phase characterised by a values vacuum. Todd's approach emphasises cultural factors in understanding geopolitical shifts, distinguishing it from other approaches that focus solely on internal contradictions within capitalist economics in its neoliberal phase. His approach highlights secularism, which has become a defining feature of Western policies. This secularism also reveals itself economically, as evidenced by Europe's adoption of economic sanctions against Russia, with significant repercussions for European economies themselves. Keywords: the West, cultural factors, Protestantism, the civilizational projet.
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