Several factors have contributed to the current situation, including the lack of a unified national project, the failure of political parties to contribute to such a project, and their inability to develop comprehensive policies to manage diversity in Sudan. This diversity, exacerbated by the fragmentation of the state and the lack of fair participation, represents a deep-rooted structural problem that has plagued Sudan since its inception. The study also examines the direct causes of the conflict, such as the proliferation of parallel armies (the Rapid Support Forces as a prime example) and the failure to establish constructive political dialogue and reach consensus (as evidenced by the Framework Agreement). Through a descriptive-analytical approach, the study finds that the ongoing structural problems within the state were an indirect cause of the war. At the same time, the diversity of armies and the lack of political consensus directly accelerated the conflict. The main regional and international factors that contributed to the continuation of the war include Sudan’s geopolitical importance and its diverse resources. Ultimately, resolving the conflict requires addressing its root causes: recognizing and managing diversity to ensure inclusion of all ethnic and cultural components, expanding participation in governance, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and strengthening the state’s monopoly on arms. Keywords: Sudan, war, conflict, regional dimensions, Political consensus, Strategic importance.
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