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identifications. When these are rejected, the complementary identifications are the ones that prevail. To detect these identifications, Racker stresses the importance of counter-transference experiences involved in the counter-transference ideas and position. Counter-transference ideas emerge from the resonance that takes place in the analyst due to the correspondence with the psychological constellation of the analysand. Counter-transference ideas appear thanks to the evenly suspended attention suggested by Freud and pose no danger to objectivity unless they are disregarded. In contrast, it is the unacknowledged counter-transference positions (for example, the analyst’s anger at the analysand’s frustrating behaviour) the ones that do have consequences. He also describes para-countertransference phenomena, which are connected to the transferences generated by the analysand during treatment with people close to him or her. In the same way, in the analysand transferences about people, places, institutions connected with his analyst also emerge (para-transference). Racker also establishes a distinction between counter-transference anxiety of a depressive nature, which in general corresponds to a masochistic defence in the patient which induces in the analyst a tendency to ‘repair’ and to experience his patient as if he were damaged, from the paranoid anxiety (the analyst is frightened of being attacked or damaged by the patient). There is correspondence between the analyst’s paranoid anxiety and the patient’s identification with persecuting objects, from which the patient tries to protect himself by harassing the analyst. It is in these cases that the analyst experiences paranoid anxiety. Racker says that little is written or said about this subject and claims that speaking about this appears to embarrass the analysts. The cause of this is to be found in what constitutes the basis of counter-transference: the infantile experiences that have been awakened by the analytic task. Racker’s ideas, in particular the concepts of counter-transference and that of the analyst trained in self-observation have had influence in the training of several analysts, not only in Argentina, but also throughout Latin America. VII. C. Fidias Cesio Taking his adhesion to the Freudian thought, to which he contributes with his own developments, as a starting point, Fidias Cesio examines two definitions of transference: the one given in “The interpretation of dreams” (1900) refers to the transference stemming from the unconscious ideas being transferred to preconscious representations; the other, put forward in the case of Dora (1905), refers to the transference to the person of the analyst, which according to Freud: “(...) are new editions or facsimiles of the impulses and fantasies which are aroused and made conscious during the progress of the analysis; but they have this peculiarity, which is characteristic for their species, that they replace some earlier person by
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