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again sought and taken as an object, but, because of the transmutation of the aim, it must take the role of the subject (sadistic). The ego finds itself originally invested by the drives and is, partly, capable of satisfying its drives with itself. The form of satisfaction is called autoerotism and the stage during which sexual drives are thus satisfied is called narcissism. Ego drives are never satisfied autoerotically. If it is autoerotic, the Ego does not need the external world, from which it receives objects, because of the experiences derived from self-preservation drives of the Ego. For this reason, it cannot but feel displeasure, for a time, from certain external drive stimuli. It gathers internally the objects which are a source of pleasure, it introjects them, and expels whatever is an internal motive for displeasure. There is a process that, arising from an initial indiscriminate Ego (reality situation), becomes altered because of both internal stimuli and the stimuli provided by the care that comes from the external world, and thus, the distinction between inside an outside is generated. The external world contains what causes displeasure, and it is therefore hostile and is hated; the subject’s Ego contains what causes pleasure and represents what is loved. When the object from the external world is the source of pleasurable sensations, the subject displays a violent motor action to approach it or incorporate it to the Ego, we say the ego loves the object. When the object is a source of displeasure, the Ego rejects and hates it, a feeling which can increase to the point of containing the purpose of annihilating it. But, with the annihilation of the object, those aspects of the dissociated internal displeasing drive stimuli are also killed and projected or re-projected into the external world. The hate that kills the object is secondary to the emergence of the displeasure contained in the external world. The aim is always the disappearance of the displeasure and, with it, the feeling of hate, which stimulates the emergence of love in finding the objects that provides pleasure. From this point, the bonds of love and hate, accounting for ambivalence, develop. These bonds adopt different modes such as the incorporating and devouring in the oral stage; the efforts for mastery in the anal-sadistic stage, where the damage or the annihilation in the attempt of reaching the object are irrelevant, and where love is hardly different from hate. Only then is the establishment of the genital organization reached, when love becomes the opposite of hate. III. Ab. Evolution of the Late Drive theory: Third phase/ period/ ‘step’: From 1920 – 1939/40 As Freud reached the final phase of his dual drive theory in his 1920 paper “Beyond the pleasure principle”, the drive concepts and their classification changed radically. As a part of an overall psychoanalytic theory, this text also reformulates the concept of the unconscious conflict: While previously, the conflict was seen as between sexual and ego preservative instincts (Freud, 1911c, 1914b), now, in 1920, the conflict is between the drives and defense.
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