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III. Dc. The Relational Perspective in Latin America, with a Focus on Argentina Álvarez de Toledo (1954) states, in a language similar to Pichon’s, that being in analysis, associating, and interpreting involve a relationship among act, image, and object that is actualized in the act of speaking and listening to the analyst. Act, sensation, image, body, and mind recover their unity when patients can integrate the first oral experiences with the corresponding sensations, feelings, and images. David Liberman (1963, 1970, 1976, 1982), who also studied with Pichon-Rivière, developed his ideas based on communication theory. This author understands illness as an alteration of the learning and communication process that leads to a deficit in subjects’ adjustment to reality. His readings of Roman Jakobson, Jürgen Ruesch, and Gregory Bateson, added to his knowledge of Kleinian theory, enabled him to categorize the prevalence of different communication styles in different types of patients. Liberman uses semiotic and linguistic instruments to study the analytic sessions. He believes that psychoanalysis is a science with an empirical basis that may be examined a) during the session, conducted by the therapist on the patient, and b) in the patient, the therapist, or the link. Liberman thought of the analyst-patient relationship as a combination of verbal and nonverbal expressive styles that may or may not favor clinical work. Silvia Bleichmar (1985, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006a,b, 2007, 2008, 2009 a,b,c, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016) views ethics and the relationship between the biological and the social as relevant research topics. Bleichmar points out that the production of subjectivity is not a psychoanalytic but a sociological concept. It is tied to the ways in which societies determine the modes of constitution of subjects who can integrate into systems that grant them a place. It is constituting, or ‘instituting’, as Castoriadis-Aulagnier (1975) might call it. This means that the production of subjectivity is linked to a set of elements that will produce a socially acceptable historical subject. There is still a psyche that is articulated by defenses and repression. Psychoanalysis cannot leave out the notions of defense and repression. It is something that exceeds the production of historical subjectivity and has to do with the ways in which subjects are constituted (S. Bleichmar, 2003). Terencio Gioia (1996) focused on the theory of instincts and its correlations with ethology. He emphatically denied the presence of the death instinct in living beings. He based his clinical conclusions on Bowlby and Peterfreund’s theories, and argued that fear generates hatred and aggression, and not the other way around. Hugo Bleichmar (1997, 2000), Argentine author based in Madrid, advanced the Modular Transformational Approach in the 1990s. This is a modular-transformational model of psychic functioning based on the coexistence of diverse motivational systems such as the narcissism, self/hetero-preservation, attachment, and sensuality/sexuality systems. This author claims that the unconscious “is a complex structure, with modules that are governed by different rules of operation and have different origins and contents whose inscriptions have multiple degrees of representability and of intensity or strength (cathexis)” (H. Bleichmar, 1997, p.14).
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