IPA Inter-Regional Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychoanalysis

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Thomas Ogden’s (2009) contemporary North American Post-Bionian perspective, especially his "talking-as-dreaming", in place of traditional free associative process, revitalizes the dialogue between analyst and analysand and allows patients and analysts to dream together when the patients had not yet been able to do so on their own. “Like free association, talking as dreaming tends to include considerable primary process thinking and what appears to be non sequitors…” (Ogden 2009, p. 14). V. B. SPECIFIC LATIN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENTS In the broad context of the overall concept construction and evolution, some contemporary Latin American authors (Laverde and Bayona 2012) point out that the updating of an element of the technique such as free association, which becomes a concept, has its origin in a clinical fact. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to clearly define it, to identify and delimit its use, and distinguish it from other similar conceptualizations. Further developments of the concept may result in enrichment that is saturated and does not admit any more changes on pain of being denaturalized (diluted); if diluted and de-differentiated, at a certain point it would be no longer possible to recognize it. What is appropriate in this moment is to consider the possibility of creating a new concept. Emilio Rodrigué and Genevieve T. de Rodrigué (1966), do not deal directly with free association, but they deal with the concept of association and divide it into two categories: ‘the charade’ (riddle, divination, hieroglyphic), which is an association by similarity, which harbors a double meaning and on the other hand they consider ‘the symbolic association’, where two levels of psychic functioning are connected: level A Unconscious passes to level B Conscious. In free association there would be these two levels of association. This distinction made by the aforementioned authors coincides with Lacan's proposal of metaphor (by similarity) and metonymy (by continuity) within his postulation that the unconscious is structured as a language. Heinrich Racker (1966), in his book on studies on psychoanalytic technique, notes that the basic and fundamental technical principles of psychoanalytic technique, among them Free Association, may vary in their formulation and in their form of application and specific content of the patients’ responses. However, he affirms that the ‘Fundamental Rule’ as the principle that Freud formulated for the purpose of "making the unconscious conscious", continues to fulfill the same objective, in spite of variations and divergences. In ‘”Psycho-analysis of the psycho-analytic frame” José Bleger (1967) argues that there are two frames ( encuadre ), later (Bleger 2013) translated as settings (concerning the translation of encuadre as ‘frame’ see Bleger 2013 p. xvii, and ‘setting’ instead of ‘frame’ see pp. xli-xlii.]: the one proposed and maintained by the analyst and consciously accepted by the patient, and another of the patient, on which he projects his ‘phantom world’, i.e. his unconscious fantasies, which would eventually lead him to break the analyst’s frame/setting or to generate addiction. He also qualifies the frame/setting as "the most perfect repetition compulsion", (1967, p.242), its strict compliance as an "addiction", which must be interpreted

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