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proposes that in addition to the traditional listening, developing the capacity to imagine the "semantic figurations impossible to be created by the patient within the analytic bond, we can have another technical conception of what determines in them the associative silence in each session" (p. 2). For Lutenberg, this is the way to listen and understand what really exists behind the silences. As this author theorizes, behind the silence there is a "mental void" that the patient tries to subtract from the analytical dialogue. Lutenberg’s significant contemporary contribution is the approach where ‘in parallel’ to the ‘verbal free association’, attention is paid to the ‘associative silence’ which hides the mental voids, and ‘corporeal free association’ of the body movements, employed as a useful tool to investigate the link and the difference between hysterical and psychosomatic phenomena. V. C. FREE ASSOCIATION AS CENTRAL TO PSYCHOANALYTIC WORK V. Ca. Free Association and its Formulation Similarly, as in North America (Lichtenberg and Galler 1987 above), Latin America conducted its own survey related to free association. Qualitative analysis of the survey among members and candidates of the Columbian Psychoanalytic Society (Laverde and Bayona 2011) revealed that analysts differ in their formulation of free association, and they do they agree on the explicit instructions to the patient. Some describe it in detail asking patients to communicate their thoughts, memories, sensations, experiences, dreams, imaginations, without discriminating whether it is embarrassing, inappropriate or ridiculous. As for the timing, some analysts make it explicit at the end of the initial interview, others when the patient is lying on the couch, and finally some analysts introduce it in general terms at the beginning and then detail the instruction as the work proceeds. The authors of the survey conclude that although the fundamental rule does not make explicit any restrictions on action, the setting and the patient's lying position imply that verbal is the preferred communication. In terms of the child analytic practice, however, the Kleinian legacy seems to prevail, as the survey asserts that the equivalent of the ground rule in child psychoanalysis is the emphasis on play, drawing, where action is associated with such expressions (see also separate entry OBJECT RELATIONS THEORIES). V. Cb. The ‘Fundamental Rule’ Formulation and ‘Enforcement’ Based on number of contemporary reports of Ana Matia Chabalgoity and de Souza Brito (2019) and others (Laverde, Bayona and Barios 2011, Laverde and Bayona 2012; Lapaco and Laverde 2012), Latin American analysts underscore that, starting with Freud, analysts have reflected how the Fundamental Rule is continuously violated, at least during some periods or sessions, with silence or concealment of the contents of thought, as an expression of resistance, or in an attempt to preserve to preserve privacy and self-styled conscious identity. Patients’ responses to the instruction for free associations ranges from obsessive listing of minute detail
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