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of what is happening in the environment to responses of patients with early traumas, which could not be registered as a thought but as an action or experience, who cannot verbally associate what had not been so registered and verbally represented on the first place. Recognizing wide range of what should be considered free association, Laverde and Bayona (2011, 2012) include any discourse of the patient between ‘the fantastic’ and ‘the real’, contents of past, present and expectations of a future, references to what happens in the analyst- patient bond as well as the relations with the social and family environment. In its course, pauses may appear, which may correspond to reflections by the analysand, not to be confused with silences of resistance. In addition, in order for the free associative activity to reveal the unconscious functioning, Laverde and Bayona (2012) believe that other factors must coincide: 1- use of the couch, and therefore no direct visual contact 2- intimate and private environment of the analytical office, isolated from visual and sound stimuli of the environment, 3- confidentiality of the contents of the analytical process and neutrality of the analyst who omits value judgments and abstains from directly influencing the patient's life. 4 - Body language of the analyst, which must transmit reception, containment, understanding to the patient. Laverde and Bayona opine that within the wide context of the manner in which instructions to free associations can be effectively formulated to ultimately access the unconscious, infinite variables can be discerned, e.g., the cultural context, the work model of each analyst and the models of psychoanalytic training, among others. In their research work (Laverde, Bayona and Barios 2011) on "Common ground among Colombian psychoanalysts", aimed at establishing areas of agreement or divergencies regarding some fundamental theoretical-technical concepts, among them free association, they found that: "The results of this research establish that there is a common ground among Colombian analysts. Furthermore, they find free association useful, as well as framing, neutrality and abstinence, in addition to respect for the intimacy and privacy of the analytic relationship and free-floating attention. Up to this point, we can see that the common ground of Colombian analysts is found fundamentally in the psychoanalytic technique, and not so much in the conceptual models used to explain a given clinical phenomenon" (p. 406). V. D. CONCEPTUAL EXPANSION-TRANSFORMATION-EVOLUTION-MUTATION Analogically to North American and European contemporary psychoanalytic approaches described above, Latin American analysts strive to find ways of working psychoanalytically with patients of a ‘wider range’. Their approaches demonstrate inter- regional proliferation as well as regional specificity.
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