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of the contents of the analytical process and neutrality of the analyst who omits value judgments and abstains from directly influencing the patient's life. 4 - Body language of the analyst, which must transmit reception, containment, understanding to the patient. Laverde and Bayona opine that within the wide range of the manner in which instructions to free associations can be effectively formulated to ultimately access the unconscious, infinite variables can be discerned, e.g., the cultural context, the work model of each analyst and the models of psychoanalytic training, among others. In their research work (Laverde, Bayona and Barios 2011) on "Common ground among Colombian psychoanalysts", aimed at establishing areas of agreement or divergencies regarding some fundamental theoretical-technical concepts, among them free association, they found that: "The results of this research establish that there is a common ground among Colombian analysts. Furthermore, they find free association useful, as well as framing, neutrality and abstinence, in addition to respect for the intimacy and privacy of the analytic relationship and free-floating attention. Up to this point, we can see that the common ground of Colombian analysts is found fundamentally in the psychoanalytic technique, and not so much in the conceptual models used to explain a given clinical phenomenon" (Laverde, Bayona and Barios 2011, p. 406). V. D. CONCEPTUAL EXPANSION-TRANSFORMATION-EVOLUTION-MUTATION Analogically to North American and European contemporary psychoanalytic approaches described above, Latin American analysts strive to find ways of working psychoanalytically with patients of a ‘wider range’. Their approaches demonstrate inter- regional proliferation as well as regional specificity. V. Da. When the Patient Cannot Associate Freely Drawing primarily on the French psychoanalytic tradition (Marty, de M’Uzan, Roussillon, C. Botella and S. Botella), Latin American analysts study patients who are experiencing difficulties or deficiencies in verbal associative processes, due to early psychic traumas. Below are specific conceptualizations that are most relevant in Latin American psychoanalysis, in this regard. According to Pierre Marty and Michel de M'Uzan (1963), ‘the operative thought’, is a conscious thought that has no links to a fantasy activity. Instead, it lacks capacity for metaphor and for alternating identifications in object relations. As found in very diverse clinical pictures, such patients report their experiences as isolated events, without establishing any relationship between them. There is no affective commitment towards the analyst: the patient only tells his symptoms and expects to be cured. Considering analytic work with psychosomatic conditions, where the psychic process is ‘not finished’, Marty replaces the terminology of ‘psychic’, ‘psychic apparatus’ and ‘word-representation’, with ‘mental’, ‘mental apparatus’, ‘mentalization’ and ‘mental representation’. The representations of things, for this author, evoke inwardly lived realities, without any differentiation in relation to the things originally
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