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Referential, and Operational Framework (ECRO), which integrates an explanatory theory and the operational dimension into the social framework of a specific social context. Each agent, each subject positions himself or herself from his or her ECRO, which needs to be identified. Based on their ECRO, therapists must detect the spokesperson in the group (that is, the identified sick person, who is the spokesperson for the group or family illness) and analyze the roles, ideologies, and basic misunderstandings at play in the link . At the same time, they must uncover family secrets, splitting mechanisms, helplessness and omnipotence fantasies, and basic triangular situations. Additionally, Ávila Espada (2013) states that Pichon-Rivière did not have direct contact with North American interpersonalists (Sullivan) or culturalists (Fromm). Yet he developed a social theory that interprets individuals as the product of their relationship with both internal and external objects. He thus converges, to a great extent, with Sullivan in the view of needs as an alternative concept to the drives and desire. He speaks of three types of needs, namely, self-preservation and safety needs, emotional needs, and the need for personal and social development and fulfillment. According to Espada, Pichon-Rivière sees the unconscious as an intrapsychic field of an interpersonal and group nature, as a quality of the psyche constituted by a series of behavioral patterns accumulated by subjects in relation to the links in which they participate and the roles they play in these links. Ana Pampliega de Quiroga (1977) claims that Pichon-Rivière defines a group as: “a restricted set of people, connected by time and space constants and articulated by their mutual internal representation, who implicitly or explicitly engage in a task that constitutes their goal and who interact through complex mechanisms of role adoption and assignment. This association of needs and their satisfaction, the foundation of every task and of every learning experience, defines subjects as subjects of the act, as actors, and situates them, based on their specific tasks, in their historical dimension, in their everyday life, and in their temporality” (Oral Communication with Nemirovsky). While Pichon-Rivière’s ideas were overshadowed by the simultaneous expansion of Kleinian theory and later by the prevalence of Lacanian theory, they informed the thoughts of many distinguished Latin American analysts such as J. Bleger, D. Liberman, T. Gioia, E. Rolla, H. Racker, S. Resnik, E. Rodrigué, M. and W. Baranger, S. Bleichmar, F. Ulloa, H. Kesselman, N Caparrós, H. Bleichmar, and H.Fiorini, as well as of other mental health professionals outside the field of psychoanalysis. Among them was Mauricio Goldenberg , psychiatrist and a pioneer of a groundbreaking conception of mental health that saw illness as the product of complex interactions with the social milieu, who created the first psychiatry ward in a general hospital in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. There he summoned physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses, music therapists, and occupational therapists, composing an interdisciplinary team that was consistent with his conception of mental health. Heinrich Racker (1957), for his part, focuses his attention, following Ferenczi, on analysts’ observation of their own participation in the analytic field. Although he uses Kleinian vocabulary, Racker does not consider aggression a product of the drives, but reactive.
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