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empiricist’ John Stewart Mill, impacted19th century developments in the areas of linguistics , logic, and associatianist psychology. All of these influenced Freud’s thought in general, including his ideas regarding representation. Hemecker (1991) and Herrera (2010) further note possible influence of German philosopher-psychologist Johann Friedrich Herbart (in: Hartenstein, 1906), who succeeded to Kant’s chair at Königsberg in 1809, proposed a Kantian theory of spatial representation by means of memory and imagination, and adopted Hume’s emphasis on aquision of knowledge through experience and mental associations. Because of his multi-lingual classical liberal education and his involvement with the intellectual, cosmopolitan cultural life of Vienna, the ancient, medieval, and later philosophies of humanism, rationalism, enlightenment, romantism, and empirism were well known to Freud. He actively utilized some of them in his translational work: an example is his translation of John S. Mill from English to German, which involved a close encounter with the traditions of British empirical philosophy and Associationist psychology, both based on Locke and Hume. The translation of Mill's essay on Plato also brought Freud into direct contact with the philosophical controversy of the time between the advocates of intuition, and the advocates of perception and reason, relevant to his evolving conceptualization of many psychoanalytic concepts, including ‘Representation’. (In this context, Freud may have reviewed Herbart’s inaugural lecture in 1805 on Plato’s theory of forms.) Close connection between Freud’s ‘Vorstellungen’ and Hume’s conceptualization of representation is further elaborated in the Latin American Freud section below. Bringing together both disciplines, the contemporary philosophy of art (Phillips and Wollheim 2003) defines representation as a relation holding between a picture (or three- dimensional object) and some other thing, in virtue of which the picture (or image) is said to be, in some special sense, ‘of’ that thing. The picture (or image) need not be a work of art, and the thing that it is ‘of’ may be either an object (where this includes a person or other animal as well as an inanimate thing) or an event. Recognizing that the definition is highly abstract and the concept somewhat vague, six specific contemporary theories of representation are named: Illusion theory (false belief that the person is loking at the thing and not its representatione), Resemblance theory (representation evokes same or similar experience as the thing it representes), Seeing-In theory (viewer must see the thing in the picture), Make Believe theory (a spectator is entitled to make-believe that he is actually looking at that thing.), Information theory (a picture represents a certain thing only if it conveys to a spectator through his looking at the picture the very information that he would receive if he were actually looking at the thing itself and Semiotic theory (a picture represents a certain thing if it belongs to a symbol system that contains rules or conventions that pair off the picture or part of it with the thing in question).
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