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the advances in neuroscience, led to new perspectives and applications of the Self concept in theory and practice. Hugo Bleichmar (2000) highlighted the importance of recognizing arousal levels of the patient to choose the best moment to intervene in the session and applied Lichtenberg´s motivational systems within a new perspective on depressions (Bleichmar 2001). Adolfo Canovi (2001) studied the Self needs within the context of the couple therapy practice. The dialogical perspective was highlighted by Felipe Muller (2005), according to whom psychoanalysis branched out into many directions of theoretical developments and this has led to some central debates about the way in which it is possible to organize the set of theories that comprise it. He maintains that one of these forms of organization is one that distinguishes psychoanalytic theories based on the psychology of one person from those based on the psychology of two people (Balint, 1950, Spezzano, 1996), or, according to more contemporary distinctions that distinguish monadic systems from dyadic systems (Liberman, 1976), the intrapsychic from the intersubjective (Dunn, 1995), or the drive structuring model from the relational structuring model (Greenberg and Mitchell, 1983). Muller attempts to account for the presence of the dialogical conception of the self in contemporary psychoanalysis, going from a monological conception of the self to a dialogical one. The ‘monological self’ is defined as highlighting the representational domain, and the border between the external mind-body-world, which emphasizes the descriptive-referential function of language. The dialogic conception emphasizes the permeability of the relationship between subjects and the constitutive function of language. The author describes four movements that, according to him, enabled psychoanalysis to include the conception of the dialogical self: The first of them starts from the consideration of internal and external spaces towards an emphasis on the spaces ‘between’. The second prioritizes the subject-subject relationship over the subject-object relationship. The third emphasizes action and relational practices over insight. The fourth goes from foundational, realistic or positivist perspectives to hermeneutic and constructivist perspectives. Overall, the authors who take into account the concept of the Self, emphasize the importance of relationship, emotions, and empathy, which results in a much broader and more comprehensive approach than the approach exclusively focused on the discursive production and the exchange between analyst and analysand through verbal discourse. In the clinical field, a contemporary perspective on the different types of suffering found in the concept of self a useful theoretical-clinical tool (Lerner 2013), In the field of research, Ricardo Bernardi ’s (2015) “Model of the Three Levels of the Observation of Patient Transformations (3-LM)”, includes, on the Level 2, the perception of oneself and others, and assessment, in relation to the identity, how capable the patient is to properly perceive their own internal states and those of others, including the skills to empathize, tolerate and understand different points of view. Following the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD 2), the model considers four areas: a) Perception of oneself
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