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contemporary distinctions that distinguish monadic systems from dyadic systems (Liberman, 1976), the intrapsychic from the intersubjective (Dunn, 1995), or the drive structuring model from the relational structuring model (Greenberg and Mitchell, 1983). Muller attempts to account for the presence of the dialogical conception of the self in contemporary psychoanalysis, going from a monological conception of the self to a dialogical one. The ‘monological self’ is defined as highlighting the representational domain, and the border between the external mind-body-world, which emphasizes the descriptive-referential function of language. The dialogic conception emphasizes the permeability of the relationship between subjects and the constitutive function of language. The author describes four movements that, according to him, enabled psychoanalysis to include the conception of the dialogical self: The first of them starts from the consideration of internal and external spaces towards an emphasis on the spaces ‘between’. The second prioritizes the subject-subject relationship over the subject-object relationship. The third emphasizes action and relational practices over insight. The fourth goes from foundational, realistic or positivist perspectives to hermeneutic and constructivist perspectives. Overall, the authors who take into account the concept of the Self, emphasize the importance of relationship, emotions, and empathy, which results in a much broader and more comprehensive approach than the approach exclusively focused on the discursive production and the exchange between analyst and analysand through verbal discourse. In the clinical field, a contemporary perspective on the different types of suffering found in the concept of self a useful theoretical-clinical tool (Lerner 2013), In the field of research, Ricardo Bernardi ’s (2015) “Model of the Three Levels of the Observation of Patient Transformations (3-LM)”, includes, on the Level 2, the perception of oneself and others, and assessment, in relation to the identity, how capable the patient is to properly perceive their own internal states and those of others, including the skills to empathize, tolerate and understand different points of view. Following the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD 2), the model considers four areas: a) Perception of oneself and others; Mentalization; Identity; b) Regulation of affects, impulses and self-esteem. c) Internal and external communication; Elaboration; Symbolization, and d) Links with internal and external objects. The concept of Self has also facilitated development of reflections regarding analytical training, as presented by Cecilia Rodríguez (2016) in Mexico, who addressed the risk of developing an “Analytical False Self”. The concept of Self was also utilized in conceptualizing the interdisciplinary meanings of mental health, in a publication “Psicoanálisis relacional. Espacios intersubjetivos e interdisciplinarios de creación de significados para la salud mental” (“Relational psychoanalysis. Intersubjective and interdisciplinary spaces for the creation of meanings for mental health” ) , edited by Elena Toranzo and Alejandra Taborda (2017) in Argentina. Overall, these approaches are in line with Nemirovsky’s (2007, 2018) emphasis on the importance of developing adequate theoretical instruments to approach the clinical problems
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