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intrapsychic conflict. For Jones, “Only what is repressed is symbolized; only what is repressed needs to be symbolized. This conclusion is the touchstone of the psychoanalytic theory of symbolism” (Jones 1912a, also in: 1948, p. 116). Similarly as Ferenczi, Jones also mentioned that sometimes the distinction between a symbol and a thing that it stands for vanishes. In his view the pleasure-principle makes it possible for two quite different things to be equated because of a similarity marked by pleasure or interest. This notion was developed further first by Melanie Klein within the context of sublimation and later by Hanna Segal (1950) in her influential elaboration of the conceptualization of symbolic equation. However, the notions of the vital role of objects, their presence and absence, and other than sexual content being symbolized and repressed, creating thus the possibility of new symbol formation, emerged only in subsequent evolution of the concept.
III. FURTHER AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
III. A. British Object Relations British Object Relations Theory is a major theoretical development of British psychoanalysis with a wide inter-regional reach. (See also entry OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY). Within British psychoanalysis, the theory of object-relations has developed along two axes: on the one hand, the work of Melanie Klein and the contemporary Kleinians; on the other hand, the Independent tradition, after 1945. The two sections that follow also include authors of second and third generations within each, who made seminal contributions as it regards symbolization. Some important developments directly related to this orientation which have occurred in other regions are included below, while others, pertaining more directly to a particular regional evolution of the concept, will be included in the subsequent regional secions of North and Latin America.
III. Aa. Contribution of Melanie Klein and the Kleinians III. Aaa. Melanie Klein
Klein ( 1926 a,b; 1929a,b; 1930a,b,c) made a seminal contribution to understanding of the role of symbolism in sublimation. Extending Abraham’s, Ferenczi’s and Jones’ conceptualizations of symbolic processes and symbolism, Melanie Klein drew the conclusion
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