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traumatized patients, with history of early disturbances in attachment and separation- individuation, with impediments to symbolic functioning. The sequence includes ‘rolling’ metaphoric interpretative translations-transformations , between, and of, different experiential domains , from pre-psychic pre-symbolic (enactive, somatosensory, visceral) modes of experience towards unconscious symbolism of dreams and finally preconscious symbolism of language (Papiasvili 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019). Such a work may constitute a meeting point with some of Wilfred Bion’s as well as André Green’s conceptualizations of transformation (Grotstein 2014; Green 2008), as well as Mancia’s (2006) conceptualizations of ‘non- remembered’ and ‘not yet symbolized’, appearing first in a prosody of language, visceral- sensory-motor experiences, only gradually emerging in dreams, and Haber and Haber’s (2004) ‘shared acted experience’ ( l’experience agit partagé ) of transferential-countertransferential enactments, potentiating ‘symbolic leaps’ within transference-countertransference field. It is understood that, as every experiential system, also the verbal-communicative system undergoes its own development. Languages of early childhood are viewed as being closely bound to bodily sensation and concrete experiences. Hence, the interpretations themselves involve a ‘metaphorization’ of ‘un-symbolized’ words, developmentally or traumatically frozen in concreteness.
V. DEVELOPMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA
V. A. Some International Authors Influential in Latin America
V. Aa. Inter-Disciplinary Contribution of Paul Ricoeur In his book “ Freud and Philosophy ” (1970), Ricoeur contextualizes Freud’s work within the framework of modern philosophical thinking. After elaborating on the Freudian concept of symbol, he concludes: "I have decided to define, i.e. limit the notions of symbol and interpretation to one another. The symbol is a double-meaning linguistic expression that requires interpretation. An interpretation is a way of understanding that aims at deciphering symbols" (p. 9). This definition, with circumscribes the concept, is valid for clinical work: psychoanalysts try to access the unconscious meaning through the interpretation of the conscious text presented by the patient. He agrees with Ernest Jones that a separation between the unconscious and the conscious is needed to complete the symbolization process. Although he emphasizes double meaning in linguistic expressions, he extends this possibility to other channels of communication (e.g. Freudian slips).
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