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very precarious. Proto-representations take place within the sensory-tonic-emotional exchanges of the dyad, in a state of somato-psychic indifferentiation, in line with amodal perception (Stern 1985). These first inscriptions, the "proto-representations", can be discerned from Freud's (1915c) essentially visual object presentations, which are found in the unconscious as "things" and not as "symbols". Word presentations, with the emergence of representational memory, account for symbolization proper. The psychotherapeutic approach proposed is based on the idea that, in order to further symbolization processes, the treatment should follow a pathway from the body to the language . It consists of a psychomotor therapist working in conjunction with a psychoanalyst to create a common therapeutic field by combining the resources of both forms of treatment. The name "Psychomotor Therapy with Psychoanalytic Interventions" indicates that the psychomotor technique and setting (space, materials, body language) are essential, but that it incorporates a clinical positioning and psychoanalytic intervention approach at the same time, in which the transference link is fundamental. Additional objectives were: (2) to encourage reflection on the greater inclusion of working with the body in the psychotherapeutic approaches of the child, proportional to the degree to which his or her symbolization processes are compromised, (3) to investigate forms of interaction in early bonding at all levels and the symbolization processes that are generated in them (4) to show the interdisciplinary benefits, on both theoretical and clinical levels.
VI. D. Affective Developmental Neuroscience and Neuropsychoanalysis
VI. Da. Dynamic Unconscious and Primary Process Symbolism Shevrin et al. (1992, 1996) reported the first known neuroscientific study of a dynamic unconscious, in which brain response in the form of event-related potentials provided neurophysiological markers for unconscious conflict in a group of patients suffering from social phobia. Shevrin et al. (2002) correlated the responses to subliminally and ‘supraliminarilly’ presented set of words, with a measure of ‘repressiveness’ and found that that repressive process was inhibiting responses to the words judged by analysts as having an individualized conflictual meaning for specific patients (Shevrin 2002, p. 136). A series of investigations from what became known as the Shevrin group of subliminal perception studies (Brakel, Kleinsorge, Snodgrass, & Shevrin 2000) addressed a number of phenomena regarding primary and secondary process mentation, including physiological markers of unconscious conflict, affect, defense, and the attributional vs. relational nature of these two modes of processing. Villa, Shevrin, Snodgrass, Bazan and Brakel (2006) focused on the nature of language processing in the unconscious. The findings highlighted the importance of a connectionist
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