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References
Overview
In this chapter, you will learn why references are important, how to select the best sources to include in your article, when and how to cite a source, and where to put reference numbers. Reference formatting will not be covered in this chapter. For this information, please refer to the author guidelines of your target journal or to the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (www.icmje.org). Information on 2 reference management programs, EndNote and Refere nce Manager, is in the “Resources” section of the notebook. Two different systems for citing references in the text are used in the scientific literature: 1 uses reference numbers, and the other gives the authors’ names and date. In this chapter, we have used the name-and-date system to reference material from other sources and included a reference list at the end of the chapter. The reference-number system has been used within quoted and paraphrased material (for illustration only).
Why Are References Important?
Even the most brilliant scientific discoveries are rooted in existing evidence. Researchers continually study each other’s work looking for avenues to pursue and for support of their own ideas. Giving credit for using the work of others — attribution — is a professional and ethical responsibility that must be skillfully and consistently practiced without compromise. In the publication On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research (http://bob.nap.edu/html/obas/index.html), the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America says, “The principle of fairness and the role of personal recognition within the reward system of science account for the emphasis given to the proper allocation of credit.”
Attribution not only gives credit to others for their work and words but also
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