34 The Fundamentals versal. The reformers, Lutheran and Calvinistic, were prac tically agreed in representing the death of Christ as an aton ing death. Both the Lutheran and the Reformed systems of theology alike, the latter, of course, including all the Anglican reformers, held the forensic idea of the death of Christ, which is so obviously manifest in the Pauline, Petrine, and Johannine presentments of the truth. Turretin, the most distinguished writer on the subject of the atonement of the Reformation e ra ; Mastricht, a half cen tury later, and Hugo Grotius, the antagonist of Socinius (whose Defensio fidei Ca>tholicae de satisfactione Christi appeared in 1617) ; all of them, with various divergences, held the sacri ficial, representative, vicarious theory of atonement (Dale, pp. 290-297; Hodge, Sys, Theol. II., 573-575). THE NINETEENTH CENTURY As we pass into the modern world of theology, three out standing names in the nineteenth century may be selected as the representatives of the so-called orthodox, and three as representatives of the broader school of theology. The works of Crawford of Edinburgh, of Dale of Birmingham, and of Denney of Glasgow, are probably the finest expositions of the subject from the Scriptural and spiritual standpoint. All of them try to set forth the doctrine of the atonement in the language of the New Testament, and according to the mind of the inspired writers, and take their stand upon the vicarious, substitutionary character of the atonement. Professor A. A. Hodge’s work is also most able and most scholarly. I t is the strongest thing ever written on the subject from the Calvin istic standpoint. Bushnell, the American; Jowett, the Angli can; and McLeod Campbell, the Scotchman; may be taken as representatives of the broader school. All of them are inclined to select a number of the texts which unquestionably favor their theory, and to minimize almost to the point of explain ing away those statements of the Old Testament, and of the
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