lack of democratic transition can be directed at military interference in the
economy. Privatisation policies introduced in the 1980’s benefitted the military
and recent Prime Ministers felt the need to appease the army by giving them
greater economic opportunities, suppressing the possibility of democratic
transition (Giunchi, 2014).
Alternatively, cultural modernisation theory argues that socioeconomic
development does not result in democracy, democracy is caused through
cultural changes, facilitated by economic development (Clark et al. 2017). If we
engage in Przeworski’s survival theory (2019), that economic development
allows for democratic survival but not emergence, then cultural determinants for
democracy become more relevant (Almond & Verba, 1963). 51.2% of World
Values Survey (2018) participants thought that democracy was absolutely
important, 46.7% believing it is essential leaders are chosen in free elections,
and 42% believe having a democratic political system is very good. Almond &
Verba (1963) argued a civic culture is necessary for democracy; although results
show a cultural desire for democracy, voter turnout average is 52% (Election
Guide, 2018) so participation must be improved to enable democratisation
(Inglehart &Welzel, 2011).
Regarding signs of potential crisis, Pakistan has never enjoyed a period of
political stability, so crises are often and plenty. Most recently, the ousting of
former Prime Minister Ihram Khan sparked violent protests across the country
(Curtis, 2018). Khan’s election campaign positioned him as the anti-corruption
candidate, with promises of social justice, economic development and poverty
alleviation. The protests show civil political attitudes want these changes and
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