The circular economy of calcium phosphates: sources, opportunities and application in cosmetic Alessio Adamiano 1 , Sara Gandolfi 1 , Lorenzo Degli Esposti 1 , Clara Piccirillo 2 , Michele Iafisco 1 1 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy, 2 Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Italy Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are bio- and eco-compatible alternatives to the chemicals used in sunscreens to shield the skin from harmful UV radiation, the so-called UV-filters, which are in the spotlight for being associated to health risk for both people and the environment 1 . In this work, natural CaPs extracted from fishery by-products 2 (fishbones) have been used as booster of the sun protection factor (SPF), i.e., as material working in synergy to UV-filters to increase sunscreen UV-shielding efficiency, in combination to some of the most used UV-filters, including octocrylene (OCR) octinoxate (OCN), padimate-O (PAD) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). All the materials consisted of a biphasic mixture of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate with no traces of other phases. CaP-N was proved to be effective to increase the SPF of the final emulsions. Furthermore, we quantified the environmental burdens linked to the partial substitution of UV-filters by CaPs extracted from fish-bones through the life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing CaPs with ZnO NPs as alternative option 3. The results here presented show that the CaPs produced according to a circular economy approach can be used as effective SPF boosters in combination to some of the most used UV-filters to obtain more eco-friendly and safer sunscreens. References 1. Adamiano, Alessio, et al. "Calcium Phosphates from Fishery Byproducts as a Booster of the Sun Protection Factor in Sunscreens."ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering8.11 (2022): 4987-4995. 2. Adamiano, Alessio, et al. "Simultaneous extraction of calcium phosphates and proteins from fish bones. Innovative valorisation of food by-products."Journal of Cleaner Production(2022): 135656. 3. Righi, Serena, et al. "Calcium phosphates from fish bones in sunscreen: An LCA and toxicity study of an emerging material for circular economy."Science of The Total Environment(2022): 160751.
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