• Quarries: Kulin Peoples used quartz for sharp tools and greenstone from Mt William for axe heads, traded as far as Queensland. • Scarred trees: Old trees in Victoria’s grasslands show scars from bark removal for shelters, graves, water containers, shields and canoes. • Stone scatters: Found near rivers and lakes, these sites have broken stone tools and tool-making waste. • Rock art: Patterns and pictures on rocks, painted with ochre or charcoal, carved or rubbed in. Grampians National Park has about 60 Kulin rock art sites. • Ceremonial circles: Five earth circles at Sunbury, each about 20 m wide. • Ceremonial rocks: In the Dandenong Ranges, linked to Kulin Dreaming beliefs, marking sacred areas. • Caves: Cape Schank in Bunurong Country, linked to Dreaming stories, with a cave formed by Bunjil. • Rock wells and springs: Dug into rock to provide water in areas without rivers or creeks. • Fish traps: Tidal fish traps along the coast, with large traps at Toolondo and Lake Condah. • Burials: Found along the Murray River, in caves or on tree platforms. • Mounds and middens: Raised areas with old campsites, rubbish and ash from fires. Middens have shellfish, charcoal, bones and tools.
SOURCE3 A shellfish midden at King River, Northern Territory
Did you know? Bones and teeth show health and disease. At Roonka Flat in South Australia, people had jaw arthritis and tooth loss. Archaeologists link this to chewing tough food and using the mouth as a tool.
2.10.3 LakeMungo Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers are advised that this section contains images of and references to people who have died. The old Lake Mungo area in western New South Wales was once a lake but is now dry. Erosion has revealed signs of ancient people who lived there. Lake Mungo is in the land of the Paakantji, Ngiampaa and Mutthi Mutthi Peoples. In 1968, wind uncovered the burnt remains of a young woman named Mungo I in the sand dunes. It was first thought she lived 25 000 years ago, but now it’s believed she lived about 42 000 years ago. Since then, many remains and artefacts have been found. One of the oldest is Mungo III, or Mungo Man. He lived 38 000 to 42 000 years ago. His body was placed with hands together and knees bent. Archaeologists found ochre, a red substance, used in his burial, turning the soil pink. Lake Mungo is one of 17 lakes in the Willandra region. This area is a World Heritage Site, important for nature and culture. Remains of fireplaces, shell middens and human burials show that Lake Mungo once had lots of water and supported many life forms.
SOURCE4 The remains of Mungo III, a man placed on his side with hands clasped and then buried in a shallow grave
Source: J. M. Bowler & Traditional Owners, c/o National Parks of NSW, Buronga, 2739.
58 Jacaranda Humanities Alive 7 Victorian Curriculum Third Edition
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