SOURCE5 Protest outside Parliament House against Gillard and Labor Party policy, 2011
SOURCE4 Australia’s ýrst female prime minister, Julia Gillard
Step2: Using historical sources Read the secondary source and highlight sections that answer your inquiry question.
SOURCE6 Analysis of Hatshepsut by historian Robert Darlington
Hatshepsut becomes a pharaoh Although women in ancient Egypt generally had more rights than in other ancient societies, the leaders of ancient Egypt were nearly all male. Before Hatshepsut, only three women had ruled the land. The only circumstance in which a woman could become ruler was if the pharaoh died before the heir to throne was old enough to rule. In that case, the Chief Royal Wife could act as regent. This meant that she would be a temporary ruler on behalf of the heir. If there was no heir, the Chief Royal Wife could rule as pharaoh. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I (who ruled Egypt c. 1506 BCE–1493 BCE). As was common in Egyptian royal families, she married her half-brother, who became Thutmose II and ruled from c. 1493 to 1479 BCE. When her brother died in 1479 BCE, his son Thutmose III was just three years old. This meant that Hatshepsut was able to become regent, ruling on his behalf. When Thutmose III was about eight years old, Hatshepsut arranged to have herself crowned as pharaoh. She and Thutmose III became co-rulers of Egypt. Hatshepsut made two claims in support of her right to the throne. She claimed that her father, Thutmose I, had appointed her to succeed him as ruler. She also claimed to be the daughter of the god Amun. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II ruled together until 1458 BCE. Achievements Hatshepsut is believed to have brought wealth to Egypt, particularly through trade in gold, ebony and incense. She led Egypt’s armies — on at least one occasion against Nubia. She had grand structures built that still stand, including her mortuary temple at Deir El Bahri. However, after her death in 1458 BCE, her images were chiselled off some walls, many of her statues were smashed and an attempt was made to remove her from the records of pharaohs.
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TOPIC3 Ancient Egypt 119
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