SOURCE5 The general layout of cities throughout the Roman Empire followed the pattern set for the city of Rome.
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A Roman toilets had stone benches with holes. Running water took away waste, and a sponge on a stick was used for cleaning. B Roman roads were straight and long. They had layers of rubble, concrete or gravel, with stone slabs on top. The middle was higher to help water drain off. C The Romans improved the Etruscans’ arch, creating tunnel vaults, cross-vaults and the dome. D Aqueducts used gravity to carry water to settlements and had to be built very carefully. E The Romans could ýre bricks and used tools like rulers and chisels. They used a groma to make straight, level roads by lining up strings with landmarks. F Domes were used in public buildings, like baths. The Pantheon, built around 120 CE, has the second biggest dome in the world. G The Romans changed building by inventing concrete using volcanic dust, lime and water that set into hardened material. H People visited public baths daily to wash and socialise. They had hot and cold pools, saunas and shops. Some could hold thousands! I The public baths were heated by a hypocaust . Slaves kept ýres burning, sending hot air through tunnels to heat the pools. J Roman cranes were large wooden structures, powered by a big wheel turned by slaves.
Did you know? Roman buildings still stand today. Wealthy homes had running water, while poor housing often fell down. The Cohortes Vigilium fought ýres.
5.8.3 Roman technology The Romans built 84 000 km of roads, bridges, aqueducts and public buildings, many of which lasted for centuries. As the Roman Empire grew, they built roads, walls and towns. These needed water, toilets and public baths . The army did much of the work.
156 Jacaranda Humanities Alive 7 Victorian Curriculum Third Edition
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