ربما لم يعرف التاريخ دولة كروسيا فُتنت بالتوسع الجغرافي والتمدد الجيوسياسي؛ فقد غيرت ثوبها وحدودها عدة مرات خلال الألف سنة الماضية. وكانت روسيا تتقدم إلى مناطق أكثرعمقًا وتتماس مع حضارات أكثرتنوعًا فتضم مئات الملل والنحل والألسن واللغات.
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) 1 ( Trenin.D (2007) Russia’s Strategic choices. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Moscow Branch. ww.carnegieendowment.org/ publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=19366&prog=zru
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) 1 ( Meyendorff.J.(1981) Byzantium and the Russia. London. Cambridge university press. p 9
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p F d7 h1 ]D3 DZ= 2Z / hO? 2$* 6 O7 B h3 9 . Y IU r , # @ R£ 3 I1 g DJ* G$r > 19 G( 4 DO 9 C 6 OZ R " > 3 >/ 7 3 I' h DO 921 vT > > 3 ( 7 3 I' Zh A 740 > . ¦ 'U4 2 1= G 5 $V/ $1, " + " S@v <= mD K & ? G LMJ* 988 > . K g85 O I1 R@ d= 6 0 f >/« R ]D3 DO AB 0 d9 . I1 6 U " U MJ* @ A <` ( vT UDs @ A L@ 1 #/ 1/ /T I1 4 1 ) 1 ( . G( % u 7R* ]D3 S@v K C 83 C GD? LK7 qj 1 3 (7; :h? @ h ^ _ &R7D? 1 G49 L$8U S@v I1 ]D3 G 7 X 1 D7 1 Z= " AD UDs " J* G GU . # 1/ I1 d #/1 I1 u* Q (h J? 1 ^ _ ]D3 > 3 U1 6 $OU $1, X @9 fSO g 1307 -7 fSO ( " dU? d9 6 IUV + gMJ* It ) 1 ( Yemelianova.G (2003) Islam in Russia: a historical perspective. in Yemelianova.G & Pilkington.H (eds) Islam in Post-Soviet Russia, public and private faces. London Routledge. p 19-20 6 + 9 2 2 : 2 & ; ) < 6 ( : Yemelianova. G. (2002) Russia and Islam, a historical survey. London. Palgrave. p 4-6
17
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18
6£ U1 D5 g5 LU* ? ( ? I1 3 u NS7 ^ ' v + ) 1 ( . &'4 M L r k* -/ 5Y C I1 C R D3 G(39 2 R I1 # 1 h -* ;c1= S0 ] OS7 [\ I1 LA <= h a P [\ 65 A A / C <= - h . Z S@v @ _= G5v* E MO 3 ]D3 R g39 M K7 #8 C & O @ R * ;c1 d` J * J * K7 I1 k T #$T D* p <= . O4' d7 8 h3 C J d7 d 1 3 gO L J 1505 1584 C 19 "/" IU ) d R= n 8 D G d R= " N4 (" c9 3 I1 ? (3 S0 . 1, Y§4 + U # 5 SD gJ§* . 2 R &'4 R Y9 DZ # 3u r ] J1 ® 3 0 4 " 3, q/ " % ¯ LG( (r1 I1 Y 2 G Z, v (1 # Z R? 73 9 4 ª I1 Y . > 3 r _= 5 1613 D7? u7 @ 1 -z 29 GU5 9 O /O GU5 -, 6 1 1, I1 p9 D° ? IU? ;c1= ]D3 #S g7 J ) 2 ( . ) 1 ( Shaw.D.(1997) Geopolitical, History, and Russian national identity. in Bradshaw.M (ed) Geography and transition in the Post-Soviet republics. Chichester. John Wiley & Sons. P 34 ) 2 ( Trenin.D.(2002) The End of Eurasia, Russia on the border between geopolitics and globalization. Washington. Carnegie endowment for international peace. p 37-45
19
dZ "/" c3 ) 1613 1917 ( 2Z ± 5 J ]D3 * 3 2Z # 5 ¦ ? 6Uh * . G F 7? g P d= - 7 d _= L ( S0 Q # r p' G4 x 3 0 C d` LMO 1 q G()9 3 0 S\ DZ K7 1 G(3 . ]D3 -uF 6r9 I JD;, [\ ]D3 px 'R1 1 Z :SDO x A5 DB9 " 9 ]D3 2' @ " (D8 d7 DS1 bcS d 1 18 t @ L , MO ]D3 2SJD ? 1 !5 c3 [ * MO . 6 - y #v D0 MO <= 1 7? d= +u C d7 I1 -, 18 ) 1722 > ( 2$x <= IvZ x 6 Mi . 4 (E@1 G49 I1 5 1 Z= I1 U f R/ 1 ) > -; 5/ D R* ( a P [\ ]D3 , 7S1 ]4 L1z I1 h <= 9 -/ 5 ² > 3 gu I1 ( S Z U 1860 ) 1 ( . + U? h U19 I1 ³vr9 ) 6 ^ ' R . d7 I1 -, +u R 18 5 c, CS G3 w@$ C ) 6, ± ( v : H* d mDT h Y Q´ 6 # . C 6 U w@$ :H1 I1 C DZ 1 Z9 UY9 <= - Ft.Ross 65 J ]D3 d O, (S7J d9 6OZ @R U k h . 3 Z G ? :; * ^D? " U19 " (3 D
) 1 ( Donaldson.R & Nogee. J. (2002) The foreign Policy of Russia. Changing systems, Enduring Interests. London. Sharpe.Inc. p25
20
> 3 A5 d 3; 2 M * # YD 1867 S Z* g/1 O 6 71 ^ _ L ( = - I3 C v3 Y ) 1 ( . ]D3 ( * 3 OSZ d9 - ¦ I1 f 4 'U4 1 D @ I1 1 J* UYz 6 vr g ]uZ, h <= A h . # UO B A SZ, I1 2 5 RD e q # (Or ) @ 8 ? 1 1 4 B9 d .( AF Z 1 Vv! * NS7 '4 4 h1 0 > 3 RhDO 28 Ah@ <= H9 <, * 1917 ) 2 ( . [7 # oµ ) 1917 1922 ( ( B 3 g @? G3 # r (), Or, #7 v% D49 A5 1v(* UD* #7 . D 3 o T #J &'4 I3 -/7 / 1 @9 R?Y @ @ ;c1 . q r= Mi D 8 3h S% 2* &'4 L ª <= - &'4 . Lj 1 OSZ # J D5* <= - 7 @ U1 Q r 1 % ]D3 A SZ, 1 3 qj Y ) 1 ( *$ + ; : ( ! . ) 2000 ( 2 ' #( ; . () . >? . @ 102 ) ) ' ( ) 2 ( *1 ) (! > & >A $ ( 5 2 ; 6 ) B *B () 2) 7) 2 A ># ( : 0 5 ) 1689 C 1725 ( 5 ; ( ) 1762 C 1792 ( ) : Kennedy.P. (1997) The rise and fall of the great powers. New York. Random House.
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) 1 ( Donaldson.R & Nogee.(2002) J. op cit. p17 ) 2 ( CIA Factbook, Russia.April,2009. (www.cia.gov)
23
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) 1 ( Lapidus. G (1995) op cit p 87
24
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) 1 ( Zyuganov’s Report to third CPRF congress, Sovetskya Rossiya, 24 Jan 1995.
25
6 . c9 X " 2$0, #J ? d9 <= # 7 $h? 3 wD n5 L2 M * # Y 2m(D u71 > 3 # u5= NJx ( = Ir (* 2008 t 7 /1 g 3B $% 2m4 c3 r G(1 g/1 9 Lr (1 . 1 4 S * 17 # 3 ¸ h@ m @ +3 - 39 <= p9 B ? " CD [7 "" ]D3 N@ r¢ d U1 Y )9 ." # 3 &'4 ¸ h@ I3 S # SDJ H% Z 1 3 g D Z u 2004 2008 t 250 r (1 > 3 4 M) 3 wD 2008 [7 96 OOJ? r (1 = 410 ¹ d * I1 ZR 1 ~5 º d * qB u # 3 ^D? A n5 I1, #Z () ? d9 d 8D1 &r g 4 j9 . D» Z ; 71 @ @ # UOB C S7 g 8D* gS * g17 I1 3 ( >7 ^r S - . OZ1 # E4 K 7 3Y v Z R? f 4 dl g85 O I1 3 d J@ 75 u # 3 &'4 I1, #Z g ) /J X UJ N* ]D3 R5 N@ r, A 4 ) 1 ( . # 7? 1 Z Z 1/3= u1 @ u '4 o 1 J1 UJUJ1 RM # B9 1 t ]D3 K09 ) 9 / -, Ih? 2004 ( r I1 15 r (1 dD1 6 ? RD e # Jr I1 3 6 3 # (
) 1 ( Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova (2009) The Kremlin Vigilantes. Newsweek, Feb 14, 2009.
26
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27
N@ ) NB / 9 6 71 9 / NB ( L C d17 ( J 24 :D 1 4 " Y/ 5 1 " ) 1 ( . j Z ]uZ, h ) d= 6 7S* &'4 d U 3 Z ? n5 2$0, #J M 15 % :; * # (B d UJ g # 1 gu I C ) 2 ( . F &'4 6) R? 6 9 1 v 6O7? d9 1` L1 ²/59 I 0 g 6O7? " OB, KZ " Z m @ h - h d :; * ^D? $ r g3S 1 > 7? > 3 X UJ RD 4$ ? G JZ 6 . : J o c3 Z > 3 g? $V/ 2006 Q 7 DUh* &'4 I3 " Z d= ( S0 c9 4 X UJ " ) 3 ( . : 5 J ]D3 ( @ U1 KcU K7 G 1 # LD0 ( (Or G3 # DZ, Z 2SJ 27 -/0 I1 9 L# /7@Y ]D3 R R? ) * # 3 N% " I1 RD e 9 c3 q O?, A S7 2Y* 24 u* . ) 1 ( Troyakova. T. (2000) A view from the Russian far east. In Garnett. S (ed) Rapprochement or rivalry?: Russia-China relations in a changing Asia. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p 203 ) 2 ( Foreign Policy (2009) If Russia is shrinking then who is growing?. April 20. ) 3 ( Steven Eke (2006) Russia faces demographic disaster. BBC news. June 7.
28
>(R1 ;7V T Ih d7 +u 1 '1 #B§* 59 8 F J G @ U1 2Z ]D3 J 5 J ]D3 . ? - #h3 f 4 d9 M Q@9 Y= 5 J ]D3 dj P dU d9 d D ;7V 2 x k NS7 (JR@ 7? I1 > ] 3 IU ? d9 Nu I1 u1 j 9 ;7V T dU d9 d @ U* ^D? 6 ª % . * ^D 64 J 7 (1 61 ? 64 ;7V b 7 d J 4 3j ] ;7V A SZ, Nh <= 64 Nh ;9 I3 gD8s G4 O 3 68 F I1 > @ : Nh d J@ 75 +D1 k Z1 1 Qv -/0 I1 #Y J &'4 68* r= ]D3 8 IUV #B§* : ● 6 9 # @Y #r g5 / d J@ 2008 3 6m # Z0 R 1 ( 1 71 # EP I1 r +v? # D 3 M) <= ) * 3 1 Q g? g? G1 l # @Y &'4 + - I1 3 ) * &'4 ª L % R@ 1 2 M * UD * ( 1 71 , L 7 x 6; 9 UJ3 #/» > J r 3Z 6r9 I1 " ;7V h@ " Ld J@ 9 ;7V f ( @ -5 DU :S Y ) 1 ( .
) 1 ( Judith Soal (2008) Hay festival: Kasparov attacks Brown for ignoring Russian democracy's plight. guardian.co.uk. June. 1.
29
● 5 1 9 6Uh D ? Mu -v? Y 1 t ]D3 p J ( Y I1 T 78 > 3 I1 UJU @9 RMu 7 Z @ c9 @ P % ¯ d hh # * 9 / -, Ih? 2006 d (D Z d9 D39 Q gD1UD Z/3 Y r . Rh 7? $h? D7 J* +Mu ) DDZ r 4 ( #Y 5 ( <= UF > JR I1 "= # D 3 1 d@ Z <= gD1U " * 1' " $% NJU * # uh OU qh* ) 1 ( . ● q ), ;7V g )* 1j/ * I1 q@ ~ 5 h* . 0 1 c (r? /O 3 # J 73 R I1 #Y 5 Q 7 ;7V X ? D p u ZY N( 1 u Z # 1j9 h* K J1 . >j/? 6 7* d7 I1 -, 7 /O Q 3 p' k h GUF Ih p F ) 2000 2009 ( 7 Y I1 5 1 N? q R? h* -5, IJ p u ZY # B * . # &'4 I3 2c1 v 0Y #$O D) R* Nh ]D3 d9 nx 8 g " ;7V 0 ky GU5 9 7 " vOT g 5 T 5 F . 3 1 '4 6 G * ) * (Or o " g KZ + " dl u <= " ' _ GU p > ) 1 Q RD0 g? ( ( I3 +D Y
) 1 ( < + $ 13 * 2009 .
30
k h u ZY 5 AvF GU5 3 p' 3h R 2 O3 2UJ3 ) 2 R <= 2 B= J "( ) 1 ( . -7 1 p 1 o $h " @= u7* 1 G(R@ Y X * " ) 2 ( '4 d9 <= 2 B= ^ _ C O Y I1 $8 QR U 0 I1 >(R* . > 3 1 Gª Z 2008 $% # * ]D3 oJm ? # J§1 l % 1 3 ]7D ? 1UF ) 3 ( . Z 1 9 / X 8 d@ 2009 9 2" 9 ( p9 +u " ) Gr ." 4 ? U GU5 rl ' Q@l U1, >/3 QR Z g +jr ." : J 6S > Ij O g) * I1 % l ] p' L O p r @Sh L O G4 Z L 60 O; J ¾R 5 (²9 ) D #/ U? 2 3 6Uh? " K0, " 5 " ; Y (Or " > 3 2$0, -/0 I1 B? 2008 Lg? RD0 * J 1 # @Y Q ) 1 O 6 g? I1 GUF - 7 @ 7S > ) * 7 L> 3 6Uh gD1U GU5 > @ * ) 1 ( *$ + ; : Philip P. Pan (2008) Political Choice Reveals Russia's Unsettled Mood, Washington Post, December 23, ) 2 ( < + $ 7 # : , 2 13 * 2009 . ) 3 ( Alan Cullison. (2009) Economic Ills Spur Russian Gestures of Openness. The wall street Journal. Feb.12.
31
5 -/0 I1 I0z 3j 1 " +? U ." R G% # SDJ " @Sh N3Y " + 9 O d9 Y= Q@3 " 2 F 2 _ @Sh " IUV + Q - ? I1 Q? J1 d9 3 rY J #Y D @Sh Z ]D3 ND AD9 2 £ -/0 " ) 1 ( . 7 d9 K? K09 @ (r © ^ _ 6 71 IU 6 K J 60 g) * @ J? ( ª # uh &'4 +) ]D3 . n5 A m $h? g JU3 Z/ d9 <= h? r (3 '1 J L60 ( OB 775 T C g) * OB +) ]D3 Y 1/3= G( D? C g) * A R 5 D0 G( OB . u3 QOh - 8* 6O ]D3 $1, >/3 g? 1 J GUF u ) 2 ( > J >/3 '4 NJM G ? <= ]J? ) * Sh@9 ]D3 1 Z " @D1 #" " L 0Y I1 q '4 (r* OB # ? 6Uh? <= lmD D3 oJm ( I1 3 1 # D 3 ]D3 ! (D3 %9 ] D ( 1 71 ) * Oh #/ U " / "" Y (Or ; ." oJm 6y nx A/S 39 I3 # 1D1 GP * # ( G( 1 Z= G( I 19 . ) 1 ( ( *$ + : ? 0 ) 2009 ( E 0 D! 6 B 5 8 " : ) A + $ "Diario de Noticias" ' ) 0 5 ) ' 2 : http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/246327.html ) 2 ( The Washington Post (2009) Silencing the people, January 7.
32
<= d J@ 75 # E4 7? I1 $8 $h? /* oJm Sh@9 ;R1 2 j S? 75 ]D3 2 Z @ 1 D 75/1 <= D > gRMu A U 75/1 . o 1@ + $O? NJx 1 (D3 G U1 d` d J@ 75 # K 5= Q J? IUV " ¿oJm C4 Spy Mania " 2 F : p' J /O > 7? : ) 1 ( . [± d9 C cT I1 3 c J > I1 9 vr UR 6 oJm d9 5 Lk F 78 % j (º gSO?1 OU g §J* I1 # O Y ) 2 ( . ● J Av59 9 I1 > 1 oD¨ + l 4 : " 2 5* Av5 " gD1UD k* ) OJ 64 % I1 3 7* ( 3h AvF L ) 11 . 5 % ( kcD AvF L ;7V ) 8 % ( Av5 " ) " 8 % .( '4 6 7 R? ;9 g h I1 ) * X ? A S7 Y ; 7? I1 X ? O * 78 <= Ru L# r , cD g17 g > mJ@Y > 3 0 g (r I1 I1 g J g @ " (r I1 g3h g17 8 " (r . 77F p u ) * #/ U DR? gD1UD . 5 $u1 I3 1 7 #J +hU DUh? (1 ) 1 G 8 5 " +? U " GY L ) 1 ( Michael. Schwirtz (2008) Russian Push on Treason Raises Fears. The Times, Dec. 16. ) 2 ( Alex Rodriguez. (2009) Russia's youth opposition is its new enemy. Chicagotribune. March. 27
33
#9 GY oR@ D» 5 I1 ? _0l1 > 3 1981 ]D3 # 3 X 1 m 5 5 -/0 I1 > 3 Mi # Y KZ +? U? 1990 3h GUF 5 ; . ●
( R? ) * GJ7? ]D3 1UF ND? S 2 3= 4 U9 S 0 LAD (1 ª (²9 B (r @= ) Qr ;7V ]D3 2 v* % ]D3 ;7V ( I1 vº 4%= ) * 3 A S7 p' À D U@ ) * G3j 1 Kr 1 t ]D3 SDJ h* gD1U 3 6OZ S1 D\ 2 D > 3 2009 Qr 1 t ]D3 # uh 2 Qh 9 L @ 6 1 :O, j o d9 I1 gD1U ) 1 3 g j D7? 2000 2004 ( <= GH@ p' ^ _ <= l ±= ) * 2 Z gD1U NJx /* I1 QJR@ M JR G( 75 . gD1U - 5 Z ]D3 1 J * @ B? d v* # @Y DS 9 d9 13 % # Z I1 67 J1 B > 7 D ( . 3 d9 ( m C g) * @ UJ 2 RU #_ ^D?
$OU X UJ dj J1 d9 5 D £ 9 ]D3 G4 3 IUV R@ K QD3 +7 Y > ) * 2 5 ) 1 ( .
) 1 ( Megan K. Stack (2008) Russian opposition leader Mikhail Kasyanov calls for foreign policy 'built on common values'. Los Angeles times, Sep. 10.
34
● # 89 I1 2 5 cD / D @ +u 1 -/0 J (h* H5 J F d7 DS1 # J 73 d9 $% LIh p UJ0 6 1 D* J Ps - 7 3 T SR C B o ) A( ( OH ( > 3 2003 '4 # @ U1= I1 $8 DZ Z A MJ@ <= K9 C/« Q)3 G(* kcD ( 3j % I1 UJDR p ( . d ( ) * DD7 J j1 59 UJDR J u ZY g q 1 V 9 5/ ) Du n5 Oh 1v U Qu7? @ d= $4 mD Q1 89 OD Q S0 .( I1 gOZ* NJx m &'4 d` 60 M H7 R§* 10 15 J* <= kcD 2 - 1z 9 ]D3 DO71 1 3 J ) 1 ( . O75 Qh? 1 d9 O 7 J #B§* ]D3 g? J I1 2 /O 60 1 ky pv1 GU5 ]D3 G 7 D0 I1 $O 7 7 Y . g) * $O? 5 ]D3 QOh 7 Y '4 IU J g ) 2 ( 7 " Y " - 7 3Y #UJ1 <= 2 B= L g) * J Ah ) g (1 Z9 3 ) 1 ( 7 :)F / (1 *$ + : ) 2 ( Oleg Kozlovsky(2008) Putin's Gulag Stability. The Washington Post. May 19.
35
g J . 1j9 u ZY #/Uh* ª Z <= 6M * u ZY " 7 " Q 3 p' +¦ @ (3 /O . > Qh? p' 7 Y ; e I1 9 G Z 7 Q@ 6OZ I1 (r* 3 H [R # 3 > ]D3 D0 ) S0 ]D3 2SJ gD1U . * 6O7 J* ) '4 7 #Y 5 I1 v s 1 p 1 o (5; #/ ^D? c J d *c 4Z9 / -, d@ 30 c J / -, d@ 2008 I1 QOu1 ( o 7 2 #Z9 4 <= 6 # . 9 #c* @ Y @ U 5 J1 Gmx d 9 J Q? 3h1 Q¨ @ 6 U d9 o p, (1 IUV [7 # . o k F j o j gDD\ I1 $8 Z > # @Y g? $V/ : J /O 2012 . jR 1 O % g? d, @ GUMJ Lg g? 12 I1 1 1 3 2012 <= 2024 . ) 1 _= > 3 '1 g? k? d OJF 2000 ]D3 Q?S jD Q 2 /O ) 2008 2012 ( k F > d` /O ]D3 I 4 puZ UD1 > AZ9 Ou gD1UD M dZ . [7J 6DM '4 d9 mJ Z pM @9 d= U ]D3 @ U1 2 k F > QO p' 5 J # X © c3 ^ _ ¯ Z ) 2000 2008 (
36
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gJ D QRDJ Q @ 71 D7 6r L 5/= m & 3j ?' Q?$J O #h@ L N? U1 & :D? 6 L 1Z Gm ' P 1/3 D v1 4 O 3 R1 . p' 1, g? 2 @ 71 I; H7 > (1 1v G3v $V/ S * 681 fDJ 2( 1 1= # uh kcD 681 Oh 2 3 7 I3 v1 9 L UJR@$r % 9 7D* B , 7O; Ul UJDR p G Z, 6D ]D3 2 7 $% 3 ª 5 G 9 LbcS d U1 # 1 I3 RD * R j p r 681 h - r, I1 4U1 G3v @ ND%9 B 3 Is v m IJ O & @ J p' 3h 1 - r9 QDO7? Y 3h ( -/0 Gª 5 8 F Z 3h . > 3 ? D¨ +u? d9 u* 6OZ I1 IU 2004 $(h u7 5/= uB G49 X 8 g? $V/ ) 1 ( 6 7B G / B &! H1H 5 * IJ3 ) 2 . >& 23 : #0 " ) & 8! *B ) 2 28 ." * -B +$ &1 . < 1 2004 CCCCCCCCCCCCCC " ) K ." -B +$ * &1 . < 3 ( 2007 CCCCCCCCCCCCC " 4 & ( K $ 2 7 ) ." * &1 -B +$ . < 2 2008
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c, CS . > 3 ? ½ 2008 QM (/% ]D3 QH N7 " > 6r " 2 R ^D? 2"§1 uB G4l . 3 g? <= GUF -z g5 > 2000 "/" f 4 @ 6O7 J* #Y 5 /O : 23 ¹7R ])R JR D* _ 7@= ¹3h (;9 . g? % g5 gD1U 2008 j 1 # J1 "/" <= D7 @ 4 : ¹p u ZY G3 v* ^ Y 3h - _ NSZ 6Uh? ¹k ´9 1 @ z 9 2"§1 DZ= 2Z k . 5 g? IU Q? 3 6 g3 ; ( <= JR I1 /O 67@ I1 [R 9 q R? d9 _= Lr 0 D0 613 ^ _ 20 <= GUF <? g5 ¡Y 70 ¡Y > Z @ 8 Q 2 ~ x9 3 u G3 P u5 Y # @ U1= D ; 2" Q N? h* # J1 gJ HR . R? g5 - ( (R? ´9 D g? ~ * 3 [R 9 ¦ QDr s #1 ~/" OS j 9 L , # oµ 6OZ ! GD 59 IU 2" . -1, 7 ? gu <= u #Y 1 D MD, @ u1 <= H R M #j LUD 1 Z9 7, - P 20 g h3 6OZ QD3 @ 3 21 . M '4 ]D3 Z Y Lj [R 9 ² LMJ & u3 Y g? t O r T ¸ JZ9 I1 gU 170 G 1 6Uh Y dD . d d d9 ^D( J 90 % uD7? Lg? Y 6OZ D\ ? k = I1
38
t <= 2$0, o T #J OJ &'4 30 % . @ Du\ I1 vT Or, 7 ¸ 5 2 j 10 > 3 Y g/ 1999 <= 120 ¡@D 2007 <= ½ 200 dD 2008 . >(R1 -/0 I1 " O J* ; ) " NJx - ; gD1U ( L @ U* G3 ? g? G4 0 I1 D0 ! ( LHZ * # * I1 3 ¨ -/ D1 U 1 49 #9 d= . 17 I1, MDu* g? 6 3 7 &/ ! D5* 2S° 3 d L . p' h5 oR@ N 0l LQ?' 3 d j Z7 AB & gD1U > U5 QDOZ QO . ¶O? 6r # ( G Z, > U5 ]D3 v1 HOZ y 1 @ g@ * 0 I7?9 Lj oD¨ ]D3 I 4 6 # * /1j I1 X 8 +u 3j bcS d . ¥ 1D* h = ; Z g? d +uZ HR +M /%= O% h* >/Z, . ]D3 3 M´ J d§B I h J* I1 3 3 ¨ g DJ* d0 S° q $O0 Q@l u1 ~ M dl Q h Q@l pJ 64 d_9 o ( Lpu* > ]D3 1 X 3 Q@, 4 # mP I1 Nu p' , ( U1 6OZ I1 . qv gu 7" NJU d9 I1 IU U N5 dj Q o Q 2 M * # Y 3 J d9 d J@ @ *9 1 Z oR@ + L d` Q Z/3 . 2u gJ g? A I1
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$O? NJx + j »9 :O, X hh 78 j - %Y (* d Ár/ ]D3 7? - d` ±= & RZ1 ' ? Y - %Y # D 3 ()9 " 89 # Z/3 u Z } u1 # J5 ( U , - ? LgEr/ Y§4 9 I1 ²9 g u? 1 ( U* )? gEr/ Y§4 6 Z I3 & 9 9 ()9 <= j " ) 1 ( . ) J Ru J - %Y I1 (* '! 1j9 4 Y9 I 73 K 1 ]D3 ( (r DUh1 G4, j Z7 Z3 o9 ]D3 - uR@Y . 1 1 d, 1/3 7 1 I3 39 Z gD1U d` } u* Q U ) A5 Gr A U? d J@ 75 # 1 7? @ J@ . L J 3 Q@9 r gD1U d p7 d +H ]D3 F > 7 L3 rY # Z/ 3 p8 . # \ IUV Q@9 f9 g5 A ]D3 gD1U d - 819 RH - > U5 ]D3 [7 :OS? d9 hO 2 Gr 6 ^D LA SZ, - 19 Ld J@ 9 7 O S* 59 7 oD LN4 N% I1 2 3 - U£ <= (J . I1 CU? 613 3 ¨ f 4 d= -7 IUV > T J* I3 ! ]M? k h 4 J1 H1 61 &'4 G49 L ;ZV :
) 1 ( Johann Hari (2009) We can't allow Russia's dissidents to be killed on Europe's streets. The Independent, Feb. 25.
41
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● 3h 7OS qu 23 . 3 Z 8 B , 7O; (1 R l? OS ^ _ ]D3 . K9 /O u Z ]D3 #S 7OS &'4 ( d Z uuT # D 3 # UD s > q S7 O r pH I1 Q@9 I1 I;* 3 Z <= 4Oh* p 9 ]D3 h? /O [O) ? gD1U v1 SD gO4 . ● /J@Y ;, :; 1 £ v* HOZ I3 À . Z g 5 ()0 g) * I 7 -/0 d hh 1 Z g B ) 1994 1996 1999 2004 ( + I3 /H :OS? d9 I1 60 g17D #c* I1 3 (UUR? JR? <= K§ Z R ;7V . ● g? $V/ - 7 r U H3 ) C= = 5 ( > 3 j <= 1999 Q gJ D -j ? ½ DS1 I3 / > 3 X 8 d@ 2000 &j ½ L 6 9 # @ / d J@ 2000 > 3 # @ &j ½ 2004 <= Q@ 1 5l Q gD1UD QO?? ½ L 7 '1 77F GUF 7 UJs jD J & 6 9 / d J@ 2008 . IU LjD J QOu1 60l ;Z$O N +R I1 g? 150 ]D3 / ? H7 - h@Y I1 j o R39 Y g@7 R Q ´ 1 4 ? J H7D 89 b ) 1 ( . 6
) 1 ( ) 6 A 8L 7B " ( ) " > 15 :0)M 2008
43
KcU q_, 59 ? > j % B ]D3 Q?S 7 ]D3 $"l D J Q?Y ¨ 59 4 ) 1 ( . # h3 7 681 ]D3 6(J I1 o # * (1 D7 ? ) +u 1 I1 > 3 1999 ( 6O7? d9 Z ;7V J1 # 3 # 17 # E1 f? ]D3 9 v* HO7 (? d9 d } u* H * # ER O * Z * # 4 J 77 1 _= 0 Lk h GUF 4 1 p 1 k F j o GDJ dl /O DO7* # @Y ) 2012 ( j o p' g? $V/ Q3 Q > 3 5 J ]7O d9 F # S* NJx Q 2024 . : ! " #$ " 2 M * # Y g J 3v N S g5 ;7V :OS m(D oR NDS* ^ _ d(r - M Ln 8 - 2 Z ! dO; ) 1 ( + /- 2 3 ' # $ 4 & ) $ J3 2 D 008 J+ % 7 ) AJ K 1 2) ) 2 ' 6 ) 2006 ( 8- 0 0 8 5 % 3 ' ) D ) . ( %) 4/ ! 0 8 5 % ) * B 9) 0) N L & / 3 D K N B! . 3 *H + $ & B ) 3 IJ3 *H 7B *H 8 ( () 2 0) / ( . 7 *$+ : Andrew E. Kramer(2009) Russia's energy business is Putin's personal project. International Herald tribune. January 29
44
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45
_ D D0 J Qm(1 . @9 681 - Y / D1 d 7DO - D D F I3 J ( 1 +D . d= -7 IUV Y 3 K ;7V J* $O O? O 1 Y 9 * UD * @ *9 J@ 681 £ - <= )= L2 M UY ) , dj 2"§* $% .( _= ]D3 p u ZY $"l #, f/ 1 :O 1 <= R)9 1 OS # Z/ <= - &'4 r 5 , - ) (1 @ d 9 J ( H h? Y U1 d9 f 2 (r_± r* MD1 " R Y " dj P :7 p' , 2 7 . # ;7V 0z 4 L$1, ;7V K ]7O Y L D0 9 * K J* ]D3 d9 IUV I1 ( 7 A m # O Y # J L2 M * # Y (r1 # Z h UJ 2 M * # Y d9 >u* d7 +u@ 1 ]D3 O"9 D81, L £ c1= 4 1 7 ;7V O5 J > gu I1 6 P u5 Y ªc0 J@ 9 U19 ]S z ? DT d= d 7= ?/ . I1 Q@9 3h '1 g) * I 7 O"9 Z g v p' GUF ^ U g N * gHZ * : R 59 2U ]D3 G 7 pu7 ) * ]D3 R@Y K09 (r I1 L, 6 f/ 1 SDJ
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