electrical current. This current is used to power the device to which the battery is connected.
Lithium batteries have the advantage of being able to store large amounts of energy in a small size, making them ideal for powering portable electronics. However, lithium batteries can present a hazard if they are not handled or stored properly, and the large amount of stored energy can then become a fire risk.
Fire risks
Some common causes of fires associated with lithium batteries, the associated hazards and possible consequences are highlighted below:
Causes
Hazards
Consequences
Internal / manufacturing defect
Uncontrolled fire which is difficult to extinguish ( ‘ thermal runaway ’ )
Fatality
•
•
•
Risk of electrocution or electric shock
•
Physical damage including through handling or transportation Electrical abuse including overcharging / discharging / short circuits / deep discharge
•
Release of toxic gases
•
Explosive atmosphere which may not be possible to prevent igniting
•
Formation of vapour cloud contributing to an explosive atmosphere
•
•
Extensive clean-up operation
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Potential for re-ignition even after apparent extinguishing
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Exposure to extremes of temperature
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Reputational damage
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Electric energy arcing, similar to a lightning strike
•
Environmental contamination of watercourse
•
Thermal runaway
Of all the hazards highlighted above, the principal fire risk associated with lithium batteries is the on- set of ‘thermal runaway’.
Thermal runaway occurs when an area within the battery achieves high temperatures, often because of damage, manufacturing defect or excessive charging. At high temperatures, the cells within the battery begin to breakdown, which generates further heat and can lead to a very intense fire starting. Lithium battery fires often involve a rapid rise in temperature over a short period of time with the release of a substantial amount of energy. Once started, fires are extremely difficult to extinguish, as the battery also releases oxygen through this process. The fire may reignite a long time after appearing to be extinguished.
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August 2023
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