14. References 1. World Green Building Council – ‘Bringing embodied carbon upfront’ - Globally buildings are responsible 21. Stockholm Resilience Centre - New report: Tipping point threats and opportunities accelerate –
14. NOAA Research (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) – “No sign of greenhouse gases increases slowing in 2023” – 5/4/2024 15. NOAA Research (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Mauna Loa Observatory – ppm quoted in CO2 Earth 20/8/24 16. NOAA Research (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) – “No sign of greenhouse gases increases slowing in 2023” – 5/4/2024 17. Copernicus - funded by the European Commission, observed that May 2024 was the warmest May on record globally, with a global average surface air temperature 0.65°C above the 1991–2020 average, marking the 12th consecutive month for which the global average temperature reaches a record value for the corresponding month, based on ERA5 data. Graph shows monthly global surface air temperature anomalies (°C) relative to 1850–1900 from January 1940 to May 2024, plotted as a time series for consecutive 12-month periods spanning June to May of the following year. The last 12 months (June 2023 – May 2024) are shown with a thick red line while all other years with thin lines shaded according to the decade, from blue (1940s) to brick red (2020s). Data source: ERA5. Credit: C3S/ECMWF. 18. Earth is at its hottest in thousands of years. Here’s how we know, Washington Post (2023) See: washingtonpost.com/ weather/2023/07/08/ earth- hottest-years- thousands-climate 19. Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., Bendtsen, J., Cornell, S.E., Donges, J.F., Drüke, M., Fetzer, I., Bala, G., von Bloh, W., Feulner, G., Fiedler, S., Gerten, D., Gleeson, T., Hofmann, M., Huiskamp, W., Kummu, M., Mohan, C., Nogués-Bravo, D., Petri, S., Porkka, M., Rahmstorf, S., Schaphoff, S., Thonicke, K., Tobian, A., Virkki, V., Weber, L. & Rockström, J. 2023. Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. Science Advances 9, 37. 20. United Nations Environment Programme - A global foresight report on planetary health and human wellbeing – UNEP - 15/7/24 – quoting: Eight critical global shifts are accelerating a triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature loss, pollution and waste, according to the new Global Foresight Report produced by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Science Council (ISC).
33. Architect’s Declare – A network of architectural practices committed to addressing the climate and biodiversity emergency - Under the wider banner of Built Environment Declares, the declaration has now spread to cover 42 groupings across 28 different countries, with over 7,700 signatories globally, as other built environment disciplines have signed up to variations of the original 11-point declaration. In 2021, UK Architects Declare added a 12th declaration point, to address the urgent need for greater climate justice in the built environment. 34. Tasman-Jones, J - Financial Times – “Measuring Scope 4 emissions What Boards need to know.”- Agenda 35. Townsend, Solitaire - We Urgently Need ‘Scope X’ Business Leadership for Climate - Forbes 29/6/20202 36. Carlier, J – (Candriam -ESG Analyst)- Measuring Scope 4 Emissions - ESG Clarity – 2/9/22. 37. UK Green Building Council - Net Zero Carbon Buildings: A Framework Definition - April 2019. 38. World Resources Institute - quoted in Net 0 - article by Sofia Fominova - 1/4/2022. 39. World Resources Institute - Do We Need a Standard to Calculate “Avoided Emissions”? - Drauckler, Laura - 5/11/2013 40. Shea, Lucy (Futerra CEO, quoted in ‘Scope X emissions: Futerra CEO urges firms to address climate impact of advertising and lobbying’ – Cecilia Keating 28/9/22 41. Tasman-Jones, J - Financial Times – op cit 42. Parker J. The Value of BREEAM. London: BSRIA; 2012. 43. BREEAM Briefing Paper - The value of BREEAM - A review of latest thinking in the commercial building sector - Eleni Soulti and David Leonard – BRE 2016 44. Rosenkranz, E – Financial Benefits of Green Buildings – Are They Expensive – Smart CRE – 21/5/2021. 45. Frank Knight – The Sustainability Series – September 2021 (finding that BREEAM Outstanding added 12.3% to rental value)
for 39% of global energy related carbon emissions: 28% from operational emissions, from energy needed to heat, cool and power them and the remaining 11% from materials and construction – September 2019. See also House of Commons – Environmental Audit Committee – quoted in UK Parliament ‘Emissions must be reduced in the construction of buildings if the UK is to meet net zero, MPs warn’ – stating UK’s built environment is responsible for 25% of UK’s greenhouse gas emissions - 26/5/2022. 2. Cement accounts for 8% of all carbon dioxide emissions globally, according to 2018 research from think tank Chatham House. 3. Dr Hall, J – Cleaning Up The Steel Industry: Reducing C02 Emissions with CCUS - Carbon Clean – 28/1/21 4. Partridge, David – Setting the Standard for net zero - Construction Management – 31/1/23. 5. Net Zero Whole Life Carbon Roadmap: A Pathway for the UK Built Environment. UK Green Building Council, 2021, London, UK 6. Thunberg, Greta – TEDx Stockholm - Countdown Speech - 11/10/2021 7. Hasman, Mina - RIBA Climate Guide - RIBA Publishing 8. World Meteorological Organization - July sets new temperature records – 13 August 2024 9. Copernicus – Climate Indicators – Sea Surface Temperature – (last updated April 2024) 10. NASA – Ice Sheets - Antarctica is losing ice mass (melting) at an average rate of about 150 billion tons per year, and Greenland is losing about 270 billion tons per year, adding to sea level rise. See quotation in Northumbria University, Newcastle – 20 April 2023. 11. NASA - As the climate changes, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are increasing – Climate Change – Extreme Weather – accessed 20/8/24 12. NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Global Carbon growth in 2018 reached 4th highest on record – 22 March 2019 13. IEA (2024), CO2 Emissions in 2023, IEA, Paris https:// www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-2023, Licence: CC BY 4.0
12/06/2023 - https://www.stockholmresilience.org/ research/research-news/2023-12-06-new-report- tipping-point-threats-and-opportunities-accelerate. html 22. David I. Armstrong McKay et al. - Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science377,eabn7950(2022).DOI:10.1126/ science.abn7950 23. Antonio Guterres (United Nations Secretary General) -fossil fuels must be phased out and all G20 countries must pursue a ‘drastic reduction of emissions.’ ‘Without a phase-out of fossil fuels in a fair and just way, there is no way we can keep 1.5 degrees alive” (in relation to Paris climate agreement of holding temperatures to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.) – see The Guardian 27/8/2024 24. CIOB – Guide to Sustainability in the Built Environment – Professor Chris Gorse and Bianca Olimpa Drotleff – ISBN 978-1-7399592-9-6- CIOB 2023 25. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals - https://sdgs.un.org/goals 26. United Kingdom Green Building Council – Using the SDG Action Manager to deliver business impact (practical workshop in collaboration with B Corp) – 9/6/2021 27. World Green Building Council – Sustainable built environment & the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals - https://worldgbc.org/sustainable- development-goals/#:~:text=World Green Building Council is,unite in a global partnership. 28. World Green Building Council – Sustainable built environment & the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals - https://worldgbc.org/sustainable- development-goals/#:~:text=World Green Building Council is,unite in a global partnership. 29. Net zero means cutting carbon emissions to a small amount of residual emissions that can be absorbed and durably stored by nature and other carbon dioxide removal measures, leaving zero in the atmosphere. See: un.org/en/climatechange/net- zero-coalition 30. Partridge, David - Why the UK needs a Net Zero Carbon Buildings Standard – PBC Today – 1/11/22 31. Phillips, M, Long, C and Wallace, J - Real Estate’s Efforts To Cut Carbon Emissions ‘May As Well Be Doing Nothing – Bisnow – 4/4/2023 32. Ibid
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