Geochemistry Guide 2025

Discover how SGS sets the benchmark in geochemistry services. Whether you're in exploration, resource estimation or production, we offer cutting edge solutions to optimize your mining lifecycle. Our comprehensive analytical services span a wide range of commodities, ensuring precise and reliable results. Learn about our onsite labs, sample preparation services and state-of-the-art equipment – designed to meet all of your project needs.

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Contents

Introduction

Introduction About SGS How do we support you? Geochemistry commercial laboratories map Focus on On-site and commercial laboratory testing Customized on-site laboratory testing Commercial laboratory insights to make informed decisions

3 3 4 5 6 8 8 9

INTRO VIDEO HERE

A trusted partner Focus on quality Sample administration

10 11 12 14 18 18 22 24 24 26 27 28 30 30 35 39 47 47 48 48 48 49 50 51

Sample preparation Exploration analysis Multi-element exploration ICP-OES and ICP-MS packages Fusion packages Individual methods for exploration grade analysis Mobile Metal ION – SGS MMI soil geochemistry Biogeochemistry

Our leading testing, inspection and certification services add measurable value to society. They reduce risk, improve efficiency, safety, quality, productivity and sustainability. About SGS

We are recognized as the global benchmark for sustainability, quality and integrity. Close to 99,250 employees operate a network of over 2,700 offices and laboratories around the world.

Hydrogeochemistry Lithogeochemistry Commodities Precious metals analysis Battery metals / critical metals Industrial minerals Process control grade analysis

Sustainability achievements

AAA rating, the highest ESG rating awarded by MSCI, for the fourth consecutive year

Gold medal, awarded to the top 5% of the evaluated companies

Prime distinction rating as recognition for excellence in management of ESG aspects among over 200 companies in the same sector

Member of DJSI World and Europe, a leader of the professional services industry in S&P Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA) and well over double the sector average

Two acid /aqua regia digestion packages Multi-acid (four acid) digestion packages Fusion packages Individual methods for process control-grade analysis Process solution packages Exploration grade XRF analysis Annexes

Low risk rating driven by our strong management of material ESG issues

Leadership position through score of A- in CDP’s highly technical climate change management assessment

Inclusion in the FTSE4Good index for the sixth

Included in the top 100 most diverse and inclusive companies in the prestigious Refinitiv Global Diversity & Inclusion Index

consecutive year for our strong commitment to sustainable practices

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How do we support you?

Geochemistry commercial laboratories map

Analytical Laboratory & Sample Preparation Analytical Hub & Centre of Excellence

Environmental monitoring Permitting support Engineering support

Geology Geochemistry Mineralogy Resources estimation

Process design Metallurgy Permitting & environmental assessment Greenhouse gas emissions

Procurement & deconstruction management

EXPLORATION, RESOURCES & DEVELOPMENT

CLOSURE & REHABILITATION

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

Mining value chain

TRANSPORTATION

PLANNING & CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION & PRODUCTION

SGS Hub & Center of Excellence details: SGS Canada 3260 Production Way

SGS Australia 28 Reid Road Perth Airport WA 6105 +61 1300 781 744

SGS South Africa Zuurbekom Road Randfontein 1760 +27 111002170

SGS Peru Avenida Elmer Faucett 3348 Callao +51 99984 0027

Loading & discharge inspection Trade analysis

On-site laboratories Advanced process control & optimization Asset integrity

Engineering, Procurement & Construction Management (EPCM) Quality, Health, Safety & Environment (QHSE) Installation regulatory assurance Sustainability planning

Burnaby V5A 4W4 +1 604 638 2349

Asset integrity & operation safety Environmental compliance

Operation safety & sustainability

naturalresources@sgs.com

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Focus on SQUARE-ARROW-DOWN

Field Analytical Services & Testing (FAST)

turnaround times and enable faster decision-making. Our MSPUs are customized to meet clients’ specific needs and incorporate state-of-the-art equipment for efficient exploration and mine development. We carefully design and match equipment based on client requirements, location, sample size, preparation protocol, and sample throughput. By choosing MSPU services, clients benefit from a laboratory that adheres to the highest

Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) standards, as well as stringent quality control measures. Additionally, our clients gain access to our global network of qualified experts, ensuring comprehensive support throughout the process. SGS is committed to delivering reliable, efficient and sustainable solutions, empowering businesses with accurate data for informed decision-making.

• Portable PPB DetectOre™ for rapid gold results in-field and on-site. • Machine learning and advanced data analysis Portable XRF (pXRF) (Chemistry / Elemental analysis) We can reprocess your historical report to further improve data quality. To ensure reliability, we recommend conducting confirmation analysis on 5-20% of site samples at an SGS commercial laboratory. This confirmation analysis can also enhance a generic calibration to a site-specific calibration. Additional elements can be added as required. However, please note that precious metals such as Au, Pt, Pd, and Rh are not available using this technique due to interelement and matrix effects that cannot be eliminated. For more information, visit sgs.com/FAST. In addition to our FAST solutions, SGS offers Mobile Sample Preparation Units (MSPUs) that provide the flexibility needed to manage

SGS offers FAST solutions that provide efficient and essential analytical data to keep you fully informed and up-to-date. This enables you to expediate your projects, make important business decisions, keep stakeholders informed, and meet regulatory requirements, such as JORC compliance. Our solutions are tailored to the specific commodity of interest and the client’s needs, utilizing a suite of portable state-of-the-art technologies. The current set of FAST portable analytical technologies generates both chemical and mineralogical data. We continuously update and enhance our technology portfolio with new advancements and industry testing requirements. Our global FAST services currently include: • Portable XRF analysis systems (pXRF) • FTIR analysis systems (FTIR) • Portable Infrared (PNIR)

New method: DetectOre™ DetectOre™ technology provides a novel and effective solution for rapid low-level gold analysis. It is the world’s only portable PPB, in-field technique that delivers gold analysis at commercially significant concentrations levels,

For brownfields exploration, it allows for a more comprehensive and efficient analysis of existing mining areas, identifying potential deposits that may have been previously overlooked. In Grade Control Drilling, DetectOre™ offers precise, real-time data that can guide drilling operations to ensure optimal extraction.

specifically below 20 ppb. This non-toxic, field-ready partial leach method is both practical and safe, and can be used to analyze various types of sample materials including soils, RC chips, and drill core. The DetectOre™ sample preparation equipment and collector device, which absorbs the gold, enables low- level gold determination.

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Commercial laboratory insights to make informed decisions

Customized on-site laboratory testing

Detailed characterization and optimization

including precious, base, critical, and battery metals, our teams deliver high-quality, multi-element analyses across various sample matrices. Critical insights for informed decision-making The data and insights we provide are pivotal for your commercial viability, facilitating informed project decisions and effective communication with stakeholders such as lenders and investors. No matter where you are in the value chain, our industry-renowned experts stand ready to tailor solutions and customize services to meet your specific project requirements. From sample preparation to exploration, ore- and control-grade analysis, we offer tailored packages and custom service offerings to meet all your unique needs.

From exploration to operation, our team provides analytical data and insight to help you make informed decisions to create an efficient, financially viable mining operation while meeting your compliance obligations. SGS is ready to help you with independent on-site laboratory services, no matter where your mine site is located. We specialize in the design, engineering, and operation of laboratories world-wide. With strict quality control and safety standards in place at all SGS laboratories, our clients receive the highest quality of analysis. This allows you to focus on your core business, while having the ability to benefit from: “We are deeply grateful to Barrick Gold Mine for entrusting us with the operation of the Barrick North Mara Onsite Geochemistry Laboratory.“ Lawrence Ng, Vice-President Geochemistry at SGS.

• Fast turnaround times and accurate data • Reduction of shipping and project delays • Improve resource allocation to more effectively run core operations • Take advantage of our technical expertise in real-time • Leverage our global network of specialists, as and when needed

Commercial viability for your mining operation hinges on detailed ore body characterization and optimized mineral processing. SGS’s commercial laboratory services offer a comprehensive array of high-quality analytical methods to quantify minerals and enhance extraction processes. From grade control to process monitoring, our analytical tools support you through feasibility studies and operational phases, ensuring efficient recovery and effective management of tailings and waste rock. Global expertise and cutting-edge facilities SGS is globally recognized for setting benchmarks in quality and integrity. Benefit from our extensive global expertise and state-of-the-art laboratories equipped with innovative technology. With expertise in analyzing diverse geological materials

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A trusted partner

How precise the analysis needs to be depends on your purpose and where you are in the value chain. During early-stage exploration, precision at low concentrations and cost-effectiveness are key, whereas in grade control situations, accuracy and precision are critical, requiring high precision methodologies. Qlab - online data platform and retrieval Our clients have access to QLab, our secure online data platform ( https://qlab.sgs.com ). QLab allows clients to track sample status, access analytical data, and view job details, turnaround times, methodologies, and quality control data. Results are reported electronically upon completion and can be specified in various units (ppb, ppm, g/t, %, oz/tonne). Certificates and invoices are sent via email and available on QLab. Data turnaround Samples are processed promptly at each SGS laboratory. For turnaround commitments outside contractual arrangements, please discuss with our customer service personnel. An SGS customer service agent is always available to assist you with analytical technique selection. Contact us at naturalresources@sgs.com

SGS’s Centres of Excellence and major regional laboratories conform to the International Standards ISO 17025 as per the published scopes of accreditation. SGS provides analytical services throughout the mining cycle. Analytical methods and limits At SGS, we ensure confidence in our results by determining method-specific limits. In mineral analysis, detection limits are often misused and confusing, and lower limits can be misleading without proper validation. Method choice should be based on well- defined circumstances and statistical analysis to test lower limits accurately. When selecting a method, it is important to consider: • What are the elements of interest and their concentration range? • What is the required precision at or near the concentration of the analyte of interest? • What is the mineral composition or source of my samples and will this affect the detection limit for the elements of interest?

Focus on quality

• Respect customer confidentiality and individual privacy • Be known and recognized for our expertise, reliability, quality, and consistency • Nurture and encourage a culture of quality and professionalism within SGS - Continuously challenge ourselves by reviewing and improving our quality objectives and performance indicators to lower risks and raise customer satisfaction levels - To use methods which are suitably validated, fit-for-purpose and based on internationally recognized methods when possible • Measure, maintain and increase our knowledge base through sustainable processes of talent recruitment, employee training and retention • Recognize and protect our intellectual property, intelligence and embody the SGS brand

Our clients depend on us for high quality analytical results to make important business and project decisions. Our laboratories follow global procedures to select appropriate quality control materials, insertion frequency and appropriate acceptance and rejection criteria for each of our methods. At the heart of our quality control program is the SGS Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), which includes structured record keeping protocols, validated methods, and a standardized statistical process control system. This allows our highly trained analysts to quickly confirm the validity of the data, so our clients benefit from high quality analysis with quick turnaround times. By focusing on continuous improvement and operational excellence we ensure the long-term sustainability of our business and high levels of customer satisfaction. Our aim and commitment is to: • Develop and maintain the processes to deliver high quality, optimized and coherent services • Build strong customer relationships based on trust, mutual respect, flexibility and the prioritization of needs

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Sample administration

CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_PKP G_LOG

Sample collection/pickup

Some tips To eliminate customs delays, please include the following information: • Description of goods, such as “Geological sample for testing purposes only” • The receiving SGS laboratory will have the required customs or quarantine certification to receive your submission promptly. Please contact the laboratory so we can provide the permit details that must be included with the transport documents prior to dispatch • Some national authorities require prior notification before samples can be received by certified laboratories. This includes NORM samples and International Soil Samples. SGS will facilitate this to avoid unnecessary delays in sample receipt Together, we can eliminate unnecessary delays and costs by following these sample submission protocols. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information and advice on selecting the method and application for your project.

Sample sorting and registration Sample weight as received Sample weight after drying Bullion weight received Bullion weight after analysis

G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG

WTKG

DRYWTKG BULWTIN BULWTOUT

Sample tracking

All SGS laboratories run sophisticated LIMS systems, which facilitates complete tracking of analyses throughout the laboratory. It directly tracks all samples from the time they are received at the preparation facility until they are sent to a SGS Centre of Excellence, analyzed and reported. For more information about this process, please ask your local customer service agent.

Sample return, retention, storage and disposal

Please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information about sample return, retention, storage and disposal services, fees and policies.

Sample submittal, collection and pick up

Sample submission forms can be found on our website at sgs.com/geochemistry. Samples will be on hold for analysis until we have complete instructions. The minimum information required to proceed is: • Company name and complete address • Contact name • Details for distribution of reports and invoices • Method codes • Instructions on sample preparation • List or range of sample numbers • Sample Fate (remove disposal / return / or storage) requirements • Unusual sample characteristics • Warning if any samples are potentially hazardous/ additional MSDS

Samples can be submitted to the nearest SGS laboratory or sample preparation facility outlined on your proposal or quote received from SGS. When your samples are transported to SGS by a third party, please send notice of shipment dispatch directly to the SGS receiving laboratory. Please include the name of the freight company, date of dispatch, waybill numbers, number of pieces and number of samples. This ensures that we can track and plan for your shipment. We strongly recommend that all sample submissions be clearly labelled. Sample submissions that are poorly labelled or packaged can incur additional sorting charges. All sample shipments require a completed sample submittal form with clear and complete instructions to avoid delays.

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Sample preparation

Sample preparation procedures

SPLITTING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_SPL G_SPL G_SPL DRYING CODE G_DRY G_DRY

SPL_RF

Manual Riffle Splitting

SPL_X

Split additional representative samples

SPL_RO

Rotary Split <3 kg

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

DRY105 DRY60

Sample Drying, 105ºC, <3 kg Sample Drying, 60ºC, <3 kg

G_DRY_KG

DRY_XT_WT

Sample Drying, Excessively Wet Samples

If you require additional or other options, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

CRUSHING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_CRU G_CRU

CRU6

Coarse crush 6 mm

CRU75

Crush <3 kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU75_WT

Crush >3kg, per kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU

CRU90

Crush <3 kg, 90% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU90_WT

Crush >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 2 mm

G_PUL G_PUL

CRM

Continous Ring Mill Pulverize <3 kg, 90% passing 1 mm Continous Ring Mill Pulverize >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 1 mm

CRM_KG

If you require additional or other options, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

SCREENING CODE G_SCR_D G_SCR_D

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

SOIL_WT G_SCR_KG

Dry Screening to -80mesh (180µm), per kg Dry Screening, various micron particle sizes, per kg

G_FAS G_FAS

SCR75 SCR106

Metallic/Screening Procedure 75 µm

Metallic/Screening Procedure 106 µm If you require additional or other options, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

Sample preparation or sample reduction involves crushing, splitting, and pulverizing a sample to produce a representative sub-sample. Good practice is essential for reliable analytical data. SGS is committed to providing dedicated sample preparation procedures at each of our locations. This involves technologically advanced equipment and often, physically separated sample processing areas to accommodate sample type and concentration. To reduce contamination risks, SGS experts select appropriate equipment, monitor performance and wear as well as routinely insert known barren reference materials. The choice of crushing and pulverizing methods depends on the sample type and mineral of interest. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for the best options.

PULVERIZING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL

PUL85_CR

Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 250g Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 3000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 250g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 3000g

PUL85_CR1000 PUL85_CR3000 PUL90_CR250 PUL90_CR1000 PUL90_CR3000

PUL85_ZR PUL85_W PUL85_A

Pulv, Zirconia bowl, 50-80g

Pulv, Tungsten Carbide Bowl <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Mort & Pest <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Ringmill <100g Disc Grind, 106µm 500g-1.5kg

Bowl selection

PUL85_A_RING

BOWL TYPE

SAMPLE CAPACITY

MAIN

MINOR

GRD106_A GRD106_B

CONTAMINANT

Disc Grind, 106µm 1.5kg-3.5kg

Standard mild steel bowl Cr-free steel

To 3 kg

Fe, Cr

PUL_R PUL_H

Ringmill Preparation, Carbon Sample(s) Hand Preparation, Carbon Sample(s)

500 g to 1.5 kg

G_PUL Pulverization of Concentrates If you require additional weight options, please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information. Samples can also be pulverized at customer specified grain sizes (i.e. 106 or 120 microns) and % passing requirements. PUL_CON

Zirconia

100 g 150 g 100 g

Zr, Hf W, Co

Al Ta

Tungsten carbide

Agate Si Not all pulverizing bowl types are available at all locations, please contact your SGS customer service agent.” which will be the same as on the rest of the page

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Miscellaneous procedures

Particle size analysis

CODE

ANALYTE CODE G_WSH_CRU G_WSH_PUL

DESCRIPTION

SGS offers particle size analysis by wet screening, dry screening, a combination of both, or laser diffraction. Particle size analysis is used to determine the size classification of tills, sediments or ores or toproduce sized fractions for additional testing/analysis. Depending upon the nature of the material, dry screening, wet screening or a combination of both can be used. Wet screening is preferable to dry screening for materials containing a high percentage of clays. Dry screen tests are best for free flowing samples with the particles separated (i.e. unagglomerated). Often wet and dry methods are combined. Wet screening is performed to remove excessive fines then dry screening is performed to remove the oversize. Laser diffraction is recommended for very fine grained samples, as it is capable of measuring particle sizes at very low limits (0.02 microns). Laser diffraction is suitable for use with both wet and dry samples.

G_WSH G_WSH G_PRP G_RAD G_PRP G_PRP G_QRT

Barren wash after crushing stage Barren wash after pulverizing stage

PRP_COM

Compositing samples

Radiation monitoring using scintillation counter

PRP_EN PRP_EN2

Radioactive preparation environment Asbestos preparation environment Sample quarantine and handling

Moisture and loss on ignition (LOI) Many materials contain volatile components and/or moisture. SGS has a variety of tests, including moisture (H2O), loss on ignition (LOI) (at various temperatures) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), that provide reliable and quantitative analyses of these parameters.

G_PHY15V G_PHY16V

Particle size, sieve analysis (dry or wet)

Particle size, laser diffraction

MOISTURE (H 2 O) CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S) ≥ 0.1% ≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.1%

DESCRIPTION

H 2 O- H 2 O- H 2 O-

Bulk, Gravimetric determination at 105ºC Pulp, Gravimetric determination at 105ºC

G_PHY03V G_PHY04V G_PHY05V

Penfield tube

LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI) CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

G_PHY01V G_PHY02V

LOI LOI

-10 - 100% -50 - 100%

Gravimetric determination at 1000ºC Multi-point TGA determinations

Moisture and LOI can be determined at other temperatures. Please enquire.

Specific gravity and bulk density Specific gravity (SG) is the density of a material relative to water or air and is expressed as a dimensionless number. It is normally measured by the gas pycnometer method on pulp samples and amounts to the average SG of the mineral particles making up the rock or ore. Bulk density is the average SG of the minerals comprising a rock plus the void space (from vugs, pores, etc.) and is measured by the water immersion method on fist sized rock samples or core. Samples are waxed if there is significant porosity. If the rock samples are competent waxing may not be necessary. Bulk density (BD) along with grade and volume is an extremely important parameter in calculating tonnages for Mineral Resource estimates or ore reserves, which are critical for economic evaluation of mineral deposits. Inadequate BD measurements are often at the root of errors in ore estimates with financial consequences for projects. Use high quality specific gravity, bulk density and grain size physical property data from SGS for robust Resource Estimate calculations and in developing mineral processing flow sheets.

G_PHY06V G_PHY08V G_PHY17V G_PHY18V

Specific gravity - pycnometer Specific gravity - volumetric

Bulk density - waxed

Bulk density - immersion, non-waxed

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Exploration analysis

Aqua regia digestion Aqua regia is a combination of hydrochloric and nitric acids in a nominal 3:1 ratio. This is a weak digestion for geological samples that is appropriate for initial site exploration. Aqua regia will not break down silicate and other refractory minerals, providing partial results for most elements. ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both techniques can be used to measure these digests. For samples containing high levels of organic matter or sulphide minerals, a modified aqua regia method (GE_ICP22B20 and/or GE_IMS22B20) is recommended. Instrumentation ICP-OES and ICP-MS are accepted in the mineral exploration industry as rapid and cost- effective means of analysis, because they determine many elements at low detection limits and wide ranges. Other instruments that can be used for specific elements are AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) and Hydride AAS.

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GE_ICP21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 2 - 100 ppm

Hg 1 - 10,000 ppm

Sb 5 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 0.001 - 15% V 1 - 10,000 ppm W 10 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.005 - 15% As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2,500 ppm Bi 5 - 10,000 ppm Ca 0.002 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.005 - 15%

Our global services provide a range of geochemical methods for finding and characterizing mineral deposits of every type. Discovering economically viable mineral deposits requires an expert understanding of the geochemical signatures and footprints of potential ore bodies. We lead the way in providing fit for purpose exploration geochemical analysis solutions that support exploration programs around the world. Utilizing a range of effective and proven methods, including our innovative Mobile Metal Ion (SGS MMI) technology, we can help you in the discovery of all categories of ore systems, including critical metals, industrial materials, base and precious metal deposits. We ensure that our solutions are tailored to your needs considering time, speed of analysis, cost and requirements of key stakeholders or disclosure legislation such as JORC, NI43-101 and SK-1300.

La 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Li 1 - 10,000 ppm Mg 0.001 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 1 - 10,000 ppm Na 0.005 - 15% Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

P 0.003 - 15%

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

S 0.01 - 5%

Additional elements can be added upon request.

GE_IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm

Multi-element exploration ICP-OES and ICP-MS packages

Ga 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Hg 0.01 - 100 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Sn 0.2 - 1,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Th 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.01 - 10%

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 5 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.01 - 10%

Sample digestion Sample digestion is the most important parameter to consider when choosing an analytical method. There are several types of digestion available, including:

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Mg 0.01 - 15%

Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ti 0.01 - 10%

Ca 0.01 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

• Aqua regia digestion • Four acid digestion • Sodium peroxide fusion • Lithium metaborate fusion

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Na 0.01 - 10%

Ni 0.2 - 10,000 ppm

V 1 - 10,000 ppm

P 0.01 - 1%

W 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm

Pb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

Typically, reconnaissance exploration grade samples (including regional soil samples) are analyzed by aqua regia digestion followed by a multi-element scan for base metals, trace and lithological elements. Drill-core and rock samples are generally analyzed by four acid or fusion digestion, with a multi- element finish. Where metal contents are high, samples can require further testing by other methods to ensure data is precise and accurate enough for regulatory reporting. Refer to the Ore-Grade Analysis section in this guide.

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Multi-acid digests Multi-acid (Four acid) digestion is a very effective dissolution procedure for a large number of mineral species and is suitable for a wide range of elements. Multi-acid digestion uses a combination of HNO3 (nitric acid), HF (hydrofluoric acid), HClO4 (perchloric acid) and HCl (hydrochloric acid). Because hydrofluoric acid dissolves silicate minerals, these digestions are often referred to as “near-total digestions”. Lower and upper limit can vary slightly among SGS laboratories because some laboratories may not have access to high purity reagents and consumables. Please contact your SGS customer service agent to receive the reporting limits you need. Refractory minerals such as oxides have limited solubility in multi-acid (Four acid) digestions. Often elements can precipitate or volatilize during digestion. These factors can compromise analytical results for Al, As, Ba, Cr, Hf, Mo, Mn, Nb, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Th, Ti, Ta, U, W, Zr and rare earth elements in some sample types.

ICP21B20 & IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 100 ppm Hg 0.01 - 100 ppm

Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Se 1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 0.2- 1,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ta 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.005 - 15%

In 0.005 - 500 ppm

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.005 - 15%

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Li 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.001 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ca 0.002 - 15%

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Ti 0.001 - 15%

Na 0.005 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Nb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Ni 0.2 - 10,000 ppm

V 1 - 10,000 ppm

GE_ICP40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 2 - 100 ppm

P 0.003 - 15%

W 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 100 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

Pb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 10% K 0.01 - 15%

S 0.005 - 10%

Ga 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ge 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Hf 0.05 - 500 ppm

Al 0.01 - 15%

Sb 5 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 0.001 - 15% V 2 - 10,000 ppm W 10 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

S 0.01 - 5%

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2500 ppm Bi 5 - 10,000 ppm Ca 0.005 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

La 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Li 1 - 10,000 ppm Mg 0.002 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 1 - 10,000 ppm Na 0.005 - 15% Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

GO_ICP21B100 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.001 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

Ni 0.001 - 10% Pb 0.001 - 10% S 0.01 - 30% Zn 0.01 - 10%

As 0.01 - 10% Cd 0.001 -10% Co 0.001 - 10%

Fe 0.01 - 30% Mn 0.01 - 10% Mo 0.001 - 10%

P 0.001 - 15%

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm

Additional elements are available on request.

GE_HAS21B20 TWO ACID / AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / HYDRIDE AAS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.1 - 500 ppm Sb 0.1 - 500 ppm

GE_ICP40Q12 & GE_IMS40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.02 - 100 ppm K 0.01 - 15%

Te 0.1 - 500 ppm

Bi 0.1 - 500 ppm

Se 0.1 - 500 ppm

Sn 0.2 - 10,000

Al 0.01 - 15%

La 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Li 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.002 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ta 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 2,500 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

Ca 0.005 - 15%

Ti 0.001 - 15%

Cd 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Na 0.005 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm W 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.1 - 10,000 ppm V 2 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Nb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

P 0.001 - 15%

Pb 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

S 0.005 - 5%

Ga 0.05 - 1000 ppm Hf 0.02 - 500 ppm In 0.005 - 500 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Se 1 - 1,000 ppm

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GE_ICP90A50 & GE_IMS90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Al 0.01 - 25% Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

GO_ICP42Q100 FOUR ACID DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

Ni 0.001 - 10% Pb 0.01 - 30% S 0.01 - 10% Zn 0.01 - 30%

Si 0.1 - 30%

Al 0.1 - 30% As 0.01 - 10% Ca 0.1 - 30% Cd 0.001 - 10% Co 0.001 - 10%

Fe 0.1 - 30% Li 0.01 - 10%

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm Bi 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

In 0.2 - 1,000 ppm

Sm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 10 - 5,000 ppm Ta 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Te 1 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

K 0.1 - 25%

Mg 0.1 - 30% Mn 0.001 - 10% Mo 0.001 - 10%

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Li 10 - 50,000 ppm Lu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.01 - 25% Mn 10 - 100,000 Mo 2 - 10,000 ppm Nb 2 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ni 10 - 100,000 ppm

Ca 0.1 - 25%

Additional elements can be added upon request.

Cd 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Cr 20 - 50,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm Dy 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Ti 0.01 - 25%

Fusion packages

Tl 0.5 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm U 2 - 10,000 ppm V 10 - 50,000 ppm W 5 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zn 10 - 50,000 ppm

Fusion analyses result in complete dissolution of samples and are referred to as ‘total analyses.’ Fusions are typically more aggressive than acid digestion methods and are suitable for many refractory minerals such as chromite, ilmenite, spinel, cassiterite, lithium containing species and minerals of the tantalum-tungsten solid solution series. Sodium peroxide fusion Sodium peroxide is a strongly oxidizing basic flux that renders refractory minerals soluble. The sample is fused in a zirconium crucible and the temperature is kept relatively low, allowing the measurement of elements that are volatilized at the higher temperatures of lithium borate fusions. Samples can be measured using ICP-OES or a combination with ICP-MS. Some laboratories offer an alternate scheme using glassy carbon crucibles (GE_ICP91A50 and GE_ IMS91A50) to include Zr, Ag and Hf. Alternative dissolution using hydrochloric acid (GE_ ICP92A50 and GE_IMS92A50) is also available. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for the best approach for your samples.

P 0.01 - 25%

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm Pr 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Rb 2 - 10,000 ppm Re 2 - 10,000 ppm Sb 1 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 25%

Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Ge 1 - 1,000 ppm Sc 5 - 50,000 ppm Ag, Hf & Zr are available under package GE_ICM91A50, please contact your SGS customer service agent for details.

GO_ICP90Q100 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.01 – 20% Mg 0.01 – 30%

Sb 0.01 – 20% Zn 0.01 - 30%

Bi 0.01 – 10% Co 0.01 - 30% Cu 0.01 - 30% Fe 0.05 - 50%

Mn 0.01 – 30% Mo 0.01 - 30% Ni 0.01 - 30%

Pb 0.01 - 30% For samples containing these elements at greater than the upper limit an alternative technique will be used for full recovery.

GE_ICP90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Al 0.01 - 25%

GE_HAS90A20 PEROXIDE FUSION/HYDRIDE AAS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

K 0.1 - 25%

Sc 5 - 50,000 ppm

As 30 - 100,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm

La 10 - 50,000 ppm Li 10 - 50,000 ppm

Si 0.1 - 30%

Bi 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

Sb 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

Sn 50 - 50,000 ppm Sr 10 - 5,000 ppm

Mg 0.01 - 25%

Ca 0.1 - 25%

Mn 10 - 100,000 ppm Mo 10 - 50,000 ppm Ni 10 - 100,000 ppm

Ti 0.01 - 25%

Lithium metaborate fusion Lithium metaborate fusion is a high temperature procedure that dissolves rock forming minerals, trace minerals and refractory minerals. Lithium metaborate fusion solutions can be analyzed by ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both.

Cd 10 - 50,000 ppm Co 10 - 50,000 ppm Cr 20 - 50,000 ppm Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm

V 10 - 50,000 ppm W 50 - 40,000 ppm Y 5 - 25,000 ppm Zn 10 - 50,000 ppm

P 0.01 - 25%

Pb 20 - 100,000 ppm Sb 50 - 100,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 25%

Boron and Sulphur can be added on request

GE_IMS95A50 LITHIUM METABORATE FUSION / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Mo 2 - 10,000 ppm Nb 1 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ni 5 - 10,000 ppm Pr 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Rb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Sm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 1 - 10,000 ppm

Ta 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm V 5 - 10,000 ppm W 1 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 1,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zr 0.5 – 1,000 ppm

Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 5 - 10,000 ppm Dy 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Hf 1 - 10,000 ppm

Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Lithium metaborate fusion whole rock ICP-OES package GO_ICP95A50 can be found on page 28.

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Mobile metal ion – SGS MMI soil geochemistry

SGS is the owner and sole provider of SGS MMI Technology. We have over 20 years of experience with this technology, and we are the market leaders in providing a weak extraction of the mobile form of the ions residing in near surface soils. SGS MMI is a world-renowned exploration tool repeatedly proven to find buried mineral deposits. SGS MMI Technology is an innovative analytical process that uses a unique analysis of metals in soils and weathered materials. Target elements are extracted using weak solutions of organic and inorganic compounds rather than conventional aggressive acid-based digests. SGS MMI solutions contain strong ligands, which detach and hold the metal ions that were loosely bound to soil particles by weak atomic forces. The extraction does not dissolve the bound forms of metal ions. Thus, metal ions in MMI solutions are the chemically active or ‘mobile’ component of the sample. Because these mobile, loosely bound complexes are in very low concentrations, elemental determinations are made by conventional or cell-based ICP-MS. There are many benefits to using SGS MMI Technology for soil geochemistry, including: • Few false anomalies • Focused anomalies • Minimal nugget effects Lower detection limit for Cr ( ≥ 1ppb) and addition of V ( ≥ 1ppb) are available under scheme code GE_MMIME. Additional elements such as S, B, Br, I and Pb can also be measured upon request. MMI sample collection Sample collection is the critical part of a soil geochemistry program. The SGS MMI Technology has specific sampling protocols based on years of experience and research. In the absence of an orientation survey, samples must be taken at a constant depth (10-25 cm) below the organic-inorganic soil interface. There is no sample preparation or drying. The analysis is performed on a 50g sample and the extracted solution is analyzed via ICP-MS. For detailed instructions, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

Individual methods for exploration grade analysis

SULPHUR AND CARBON CODE(S)

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION IR combustion

GE_MMIM MOBILE METAL ION STANDARD PACKAGE / ICP-MS ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.5 ppb Er ≥ 0.2 ppb

GE_CSA06V

S C

0.005 - 30% 0.005 - 30% 0.01 - 30%

0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.3

Nd ≥ 1 ppb Ni ≥ 5 ppb P ≥ 0.1 ppm Pb ≥ 5 ppb Pd ≥ 1 ppb Pr ≥ 0.5 ppb Pt ≥ 0.1 ppb Rb ≥ 1 ppb Sb ≥ 0.5 ppb Sc ≥ 5 ppb Sm ≥ 1 ppb Sn ≥ 1 ppb Sr ≥ 10 ppb Ta ≥ 1 ppb

Tb ≥ 0.1 ppb Te ≥ 10 ppb Th ≥ 0.5 ppb Ti ≥ 10 ppb Tl ≥ 0.1 ppb U ≥ 0.5 ppb W ≥ 0.5 ppb

2 -

Leach/ICP-OES

1.0 0.2

GE_CSA07D GE_CSA08Q GE_CSB02V GE_CSA03B

SO 4

Al ≥ 1 ppm As ≥ 10 ppb Au ≥ 0.1 ppb Ba ≥ 10 ppb Bi ≥ 0.5 ppb Ca ≥ 2 ppm Cd ≥ 1 ppb Ce ≥ 2 ppb Co ≥ 1 ppb Cr ≥ 100 ppb Cs ≥ 0.2 ppb Cu ≥ 10 ppb Dy ≥ 0.5 ppb

Eu ≥ 0.2 ppb Fe ≥ 1 ppm Ga ≥ 0.5 ppb Gd ≥ 0.5 ppb Hg ≥ 1 ppb In ≥ 0.1 ppb K ≥ 0.5 ppm La ≥ 1 ppb

≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.05%

Leach/ IR combustion

S 2-

CO 2 (Carbonate)

Coulometry

0.02 - 0.1

C (organic) C (inorganic) C (organic) C (inorganic) C (graphitic) C (graphitic)

0.01 - 40% 0.01 - 30%

Leach/IR combustion

0.25

≥ 0.05% ≥ 0.01%

GE_CSB03V

Coulometry

0.02 - 0.1

Y ≥ 1 ppb

GE_CSA05V GE_CSB05V

0.05 - 50%

Leach/IR combustion

0.05

Yb ≥ 0.2 ppb Zn ≥ 10 ppb

≥ 0.05%

Coulometry

0.1

Li ≥ 1 ppb

Mg ≥ 0.5 ppm Mn ≥ 100 ppb Mo ≥ 2 ppb Nb ≥ 0.5 ppb

Zr ≥ 2 ppb

ADDITIONAL SINGLE ELEMENTS CODE(S)

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

GE_CVA37A25

0.005 - 100 ppm 25 - 100,000 ppm

Cold vapour AAS

0.15

GE_ISE20V

Ion selective electrode/

0.1

Fusion

GE_ISE30V

50 - 5,000 ppm

Ion selective electrode/

0.2

Fusion

GO_CLA30V

25 - 20,000 ppm

Titration

SGS offers a wide variety of specific element analyzes. Please contact your SGS customer service agent.

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Hydrogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry

The analyzes offered in this section are suitable for groundwater samples used in mineral exploration, but NOT for salt water, brines, effluent solutions and metal-carrying solutions generated in processing circuits or environmental applications. Requests for environmental services will be forwarded to an SGS Environmental Services Laboratory.

SGS has considerable experience in the preparation and analysis of a wide range of vegetation samples. Such samples may be dried and macerated or ashed prior to acid digestion and analysis by ICP-OES (GE_ICP23D50) and ICP-MS (GE_IMS23D50).

GE_ICP23D50 ELEMENTS AND LIMITS Al 12 - 150,000 ppm B 10 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Ca 30 - 150,000 ppm Cr 10 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

GE ICP80T GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.001 ppm Co ≥ 0.01 ppm

K 7 - 250,000ppm Li 0.2 - 50,000 ppm Mg 9 - 150,000 ppm Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Na 12 - 150,000 ppm Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

S 42 - 410,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 1 - 150,000 ppm V 20 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Mn ≥ 0.005 ppm Mo ≥ 0.01 ppm Na ≥ 0.05 ppm Ni ≥ 0.01 ppm P ≥ 0.05 ppm Pb ≥ 0.03 ppm Sb ≥ 0.05 ppm Sc ≥ 0.001 ppm

Sn ≥ 0.05 ppm Sr ≥ 0.001 ppm Ti ≥ 0.01 ppm V ≥ 0.01 ppm W ≥ 0.05 ppm Y ≥ 0.005 ppm Zn ≥ 0.005 ppm Zr ≥ 0.01 ppm

Al ≥ 0.05 ppm As ≥ 0.03 ppm Ba ≥ 0.01 ppm Be ≥ 0.005 ppm Bi ≥ 0.05 ppm Ca ≥ 0.05 ppm Cd ≥ 0.01 ppm

Cr ≥ 0.01 ppm Cu ≥ 0.005 ppm Fe ≥ 0.05 ppm K ≥ 0.1 ppm La ≥ 0.01 ppm Li ≥ 0.01 ppm Mg ≥ 0.05 ppm

Fe 7 - 150,000 ppm P 18 - 250,000 ppm Vegetation sample preparation: Dry and macerate sample (G_DRY_KG, VEG10_WT)) or ash at 475 o C (G_PRP, PRP_ASH).

GE_IMS23D50 ELEMENTS AND LIMITS Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm As 10 - 10,000 ppm

B, S and Si can be added upon request.

GE_IMS80T GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.01 ppb Eu ≥ 0.01 ppb

Ga 1 - 10,000 ppm Gd 0.01 - 1,000 ppm

Pb 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Pd 0.01 - 500 ppm Pr 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Pt 0.005 - 350 ppm Rb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rh 0.001 - 500 ppm Sb 0.04 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.3 - 10,000 ppm

Ta 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Tl 0.002 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.002 - 1,000 ppm U 0.001 - 10,000 ppm W 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.002 - 100 ppm

Ni ≥ 0.1 ppb Pb ≥ 0.01 ppb Pr ≥ 0.01 ppb Rb ≥ 0.1 ppb Sb ≥ 0.1 ppb Sc ≥ 0.1 ppb Se ≥ 1 ppb Sm ≥ 0.01 ppb Sn ≥ 0.01 ppb Sr ≥ 0.01 ppb Ta ≥ 0.01 ppb Tb ≥ 0.01 ppb Te ≥ 0.1 ppb

Th ≥ 0.01 ppb Tl ≥ 0.01 ppb Tm ≥ 0.01 ppb U ≥ 0.01 ppb

Au 0.005 - 5 ppm

Hf 0.5 - 500 ppm

As ≥ 1 ppb

Ga ≥ 0.01 ppb Gd ≥ 0.01 ppb Hf ≥ 0.01 ppb Hg ≥ 0.2 ppb Ho ≥ 0.01 ppb In ≥ 0.01 ppb La ≥ 0.01 ppb Lu ≥ 0.05 ppb Mn ≥ 0.1 ppb Mo ≥ 1 ppb Nb ≥ 0.01 ppb Nd ≥ 0.01 ppb

Bi 0.005 - 10,000 ppm Cd 0.03 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Dy 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.002 - 1,000 ppm

Hg 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Ho 0.002 - 500 ppm In 0.005 - 500 ppm Ir 0.002 - 500 ppm La 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.02 - 10,000 ppm

Ba ≥ 0.01 ppb Be ≥ 0.1 ppb Bi ≥ 0.01 ppb Cd ≥ 0.01 ppb Ce ≥ 0.01 ppb Co ≥ 0.1 ppb

V ≥ 1 ppb

W ≥ 0.01 ppb Y ≥ 0.01 ppb Yb ≥ 0.01 ppb Zn ≥ 1 ppb Zr ≥ 0.1 ppb

Se 5 - 1,000 ppm

Sm 0.005 - 1,000 ppm

Cr ≥ 1 ppb

Sn 0.4 - 1,000 ppm Vegetation sample preparation: Dry and macerate sample (G_DRY_KG, VEG10_WT)) or ash at 475oC (G_PRP, PRP_ASH).

Cs ≥ 0.01 ppb Cu ≥ 0.1 ppb Dy ≥ 0.1 ppb Er ≥ 0.01 ppb

Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir can be added upon request.

ADDITIONAL GROUND WATER ANALYSIS CODE(S)

ELEMENT

DESCRIPTION Gravimetric

G_PHY14V GC_ISE10T GE_ISE21T GE_ISE30T

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE)

Fluoride F _ Chloride Cl _

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GO_XRF72 BORATE FUSION / WD XRF WHOLE ROCK PACKAGE Analyte Reported as Package

Package-P

Package Maj/Min

Range

Majors

Al 2 O 3 As 2 O 3 BaO Bi 2 O 3

X X X X X X X X

0.01 - 100%

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

As Ba

0.01 - 70%

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

CaO

X X X X X

0.01 - 60% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 5% 0.01 - 5% 0.01 - 5%

Co 3 O 4 Cr 2 O 3

CuO

Extension/Optional element 0.5 - 50%

Fe 2 O 3 HfO 2

0.01 - 100%

Fe Hf

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

K 2 O

X X X

0.01 - 70% 0.01 - 100% 0.01 - 100%

Mg Mn Mo

MgO

Mn 3 O 4 MoO 3 Na 2 O NiO P 2 O 5 PbO Rb 2 O Sb 2 O 3

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

X X X

0.01 - 60% 0.01 - 5% 0.01 - 55%

Pb Rb Sb

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5% Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5% Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

0.01 - 100%

SiO 2 SnO 2

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

X X

0.01 - 10% 0.01 - 5%

SO 3 SrO

Lithogeochemistry

Sr Ta Th

Ta 2 O 5 ThO 2 TiO 2 U 3 O 8 V 2 O 5 WO 3 ZnO ZrO 2

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5% Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 1%

Lithogeochemical analysis is used for basic rock characterisation based on major, minor and trace element chemistry. It requires whole rock analytical methods to ensure that refractory minerals such as zircon and chromite are fully dissolved. Lithogeochemical analysis may be used in exploration programs for identification of different rock types that might occur in drill core or at outcrop, particularly when primary lithologies are obscured by subsequent alteration or metamorphic events. Lithogeochemical analysis is also used by geological surveys undertaking geological mapping projects, by researchers studying geological, geochemical and petrological processes and by oil companies requiring complete rock characterization for calibrating core responses to borehole sensors.

0.01 - 100%

Ti U

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

0.01 - 10%

Extension/Optional Oxide 0.01 - 5%

W Zn

X X X

X X

0.01 - 5% 0.01 - 5% -10 - 100%

LOI (1000 0 C)*

≥ 0.01%

Moisture (as received)

Optional

* G_PHY01V or G_PHY02V Unmineralized whole rock analysis; for commodities and specific matrices refer to commodity section. Specialized whole rock XRF packages are available for mineral sands exploration programs For Ferrous iron (FeO) see page 50.

GO_ICP95A50 LITHIUM METABORATE FUSION / ICP-OES (LITHOLOGIC) PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Al 2 O 3 0.01 - 75% MnO 0.01 - 10%

*LOI -10 - 100%

Na 2 O 0.01 - 30% P 2 O 5 0.01 - 25% SiO 2 0.01 - 90% TiO 2 0.01 - 25%

CaO 0.01 - 60% Cr 2 O 3 0.01 - 10% Fe 2 O 3 0.01 - 75% K 2 O 0.01 - 25%

MgO 0.01 - 30% V 2 O 5 0.01 - 10% This is the recommend package for Whole Rock Analysis. Ba, Nb, Sc, Sr, Y, Zn and Zr can be added upon request. * G_PHY01V or G_PHY02V

SULPHUR AND CARBON CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION IR combustion

GO_CSA06V

S C

0.01 - 75% 0.01 - 75%

Carbon and sulphur can be speciated using a variety of methods.

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