Geochemistry Guide 2024

Trusted. Independent. Committed.

house

Contents

Introduction

Global economic growth continues to come under pressure worldwide, and this will impact the exploration and mining markets in 2024. As the global economy heads toward the middle of the economic cycle, exploration and mining markets will need to adapt to the current economic climate and market conditions. Market themes and changes from 2023 will continue into 2024, as the industry continues to adapt to the changing availability of funding, ongoing geopolitical tensions impacting trade, and upcoming elections in several influential jurisdictions. This means operators will continue to face greater uncertainty in the coming year. As the business environment and economic conditions change. SGS understands the importance of flexibility, this is why we have invested in new and proven technologies for both in-field and enhanced commercial laboratory operations to optimize quality, cost, and turnaround of analysis.

In the past year we have set up new sample preparation and on-site laboratories to support our clients at the mine site and this in turn improves the industry standard. With experience working in all types of environments, and with all types of commodities including critical, precious, and industrial minerals, we continue to create ‘fit for purpose’ solutions to support even the most remote or challenging projects. By creating flexible solutions for our clients, we continue to deliver quality results. We innovate constantly to improve our methodologies and provide valuable insight to our clients. Our in-house expertise in the industry include geochemistry, geological services, metallurgy and consulting and commodities trade services, together we can truly add value and contribute to the success of our clients and the industry.

Introduction

About SGS

Mobile and In-field Laboratory Solutions

Commercial & On-Site Laboratories

Geochemistry Commercial Laboratory Map

Commodities

Request a Quotation

Annexes

Lawrence Ng Vice-President Geochemistry

house

About SGS

Geology Geochemistry Mineralogy

Process design Metallurgy Mineralogy

Our leading testing, inspection and certification services add measurable value to society, our planet, people and communities. They reduce risk, improve efficiency, safety, quality, productivity and sustainability. SGS operates in 116 countries. Our network of 98,000 employees working in 2,650 offices and laboratories enables a better, safer and more interconnected world. The strength of our global network ensures that SGS is ready to meet customer demand, and deliver specialized, independent and reliable solutions to make your business faster, simpler and more efficient. 2023 HIGHLIGHTS : 98,000 employees for SGS More than 170 Geochemistry operations AAA rating (Morgan Stanley Capital International’s (MSCI) Environment Social Governance)

EXPLORATION, RESOURCES & DEVELOPMENT

CLOSURE & RECYCLING

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

Mining value chain

Environmental testing Metallurgy & mineralogy Circular economy & sustainability management

Engineering Procurement Construction management

TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTICS

PLANNING & CONSTRUCTION

OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION

Carbon Neutral since 2014

Geometallurgy Advanced process control On-site laboratories & optimization

Trade analysis Loading & discharge Supply chain risk management

house

Geochemistry Commercial Laboratories Map

Analytical Laboratory & Sample Preparation Analytical Hub & Centre of Excellence

SGS Hub & Center of Excellence details: SGS Canada 3260 Production Way

SGS Australia 28 Reid Road

SGS South Africa Zuurbekom Road Randfontein 1760 +27 111002170

SGS Peru Avenida Elmer Faucett 3348 Callao +51 99984 0027

Burnaby V5A 4W4 +1 604 638 2349

Newburn WA 6105 +61 8 9373 3640

naturalresources@sgs.com

house

Qlab - online data platform and retrieval

Depending on the circumstances, studies may need to involve matrix equivalent samples taken through the entire method process, and not simply by using a reagent or water blank.

All our clients have access to our online data platform and retrieval. System called “QLab” (https://qlab.sgs.com) . The tool allows clients to track the status of their samples and access analytical data immediately using a secure retrieval system. It contains important information including job status, turn-around time, scheme/method, client specific quality control data and the results of your analyzes. With this information you can track your performance against the reference materials across the entire project. All results are reported electronically immediately upon completion. Reporting units can be specified as ppb, ppm, g/t, % or oz/tonne (as applicable). SGS will send a copy of all certificates and invoices in PDF format, via email, to the address you specify after which the documents will available in Qlab.

Tailored analysis across the value chain

How precise the analysis needs to be depends on your purpose and where you are in the value chain. For example, during early-stage exploration precision at low concentrations, sensitive and cost effectiveness are usually key - accuracy may not be as important. As a result, a method may be selected providing it has a reasonable threshold. On the other hand, in process of grade control situations accuracy and precision are critical and require commercial grade assays using high precision methodologies. Innovations and leadership SGS takes its role as a leading analytical service provider seriously. We invest in the technology, resources and innovation required to solve the most complex mining challenges. More detailed descriptions of the common analytes, grades and methods follow in this guide, with more information available at your local laboratory. An SGS customer service agent is always available to assist you with analytical technique selection. Contact us at naturalresources@sgs.com

A Trusted Partner

Data turnaround Samples are processed at each SGS

this concept is varied, misused and often confusing. The lower limit (detection limit) is frequently used to market method capabilities but depending upon how this limit is validated and tested, this limit can be misleading. Method choice should not be exclusively selected based on the lower limit but must be well defined based on the circumstances. Statistical analysis must be used both to estimate and test the lower limit at a suitable confidence level. When selecting a method, it is important to consider: • What are the elements of interest and their concentration range? • What is the required precision at or near the concentration of the analyte of interest? • What is the mineral composition or source of my samples and will this affect the detection limit for the elements of interest?

SGS’s Centres of Excellence and major regional laboratories conform to standard requirements for ISO/IEC 17025 as per the published scopes of accreditation. SGS provides analytical services for every stage of your project including: • Exploration • Developmental Studies • Mine Production • Shipment • Trade • Mine Closure Analytical methods and limits At SGS, our laboratories take pride in our determination of method specific limits to ensure confidence in the results and that they are fit for purpose. In mineral analysis, the concept and application of detection limits is not defined universally nor is it governed by a regulated policy. The terminology used to describe

laboratory as promptly as possible. Sample batches requiring turnaround commitments outside contractual arrangements should be discussed with the appropriate laboratory customer services personnel.

house

A focus on quality

• Respect customer confidentiality and individual privacy • Be known and recognized for our expertise, reliability, quality, and consistency • Nurture and encourage a culture of quality and professionalism within SGS - Continuously challenge ourselves by reviewing and improving our quality objectives and performance indicators to lower risks and raise customer satisfaction levels - To use methods which are suitably validated, fit-for-purpose and based on internationally recognized methods when possible • Measure, maintain and increase our knowledge base through sustainable processes of talent recruitment, employee training and retention • Recognize and protect our intellectual property, intelligence and embody the SGS brand

Our clients depend on us for high quality analytical results to make important business and project decisions. Our laboratories follow global procedures to select appropriate quality control materials, insertion frequency and appropriate acceptance and rejection criteria for each of our methods. At the heart of our quality control program is the SGS Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), which includes structured record keeping protocols, validated methods, and a standardized statistical process control system. This allows our highly trained analysts to quickly confirm the validity of the data, so our clients benefit from high quality analysis with quick turnaround times. By focusing on continuous improvement and operational excellence we ensure the long-term sustainability of our business and high levels of customer satisfaction. Our aim and commitment is to: • Develop and maintain the processes to deliver high quality, optimized and coherent services • Build strong customer relationships based on trust, mutual respect, flexibility and the prioritization of needs

On-site and Commercial Laboratory Testing

Customized On-site Laboratory Testing

A Focus on Quality

Commercial Laboratory Insights to Make Informed Decisions

Sample Administration

Exploration Analysis

Sample Preparation

Commodities

Precious Metals Analysis

house

Customized on-site laboratory testing

Commercial laboratory insights to make informed decisions

From exploration to operation, our team provides analytical data and insight to help you make informed decisions to create an efficient, financially viable mining operation while meeting your compliance obligations. SGS is ready to help you with independent on-site laboratory services, no matter where your mine site is located. We specialize in the design, engineering, and operation of laboratories world-wide. With strict quality control and safety standards in place at all SGS laboratories, our clients receive the highest quality of analysis. This allows you to focus on your core business, while having the ability to benefit from:

• Fast turnaround times and accurate data • Reduction of shipping and project delays • Improve resource allocation to more effectively run core operations • Take advantage of our technical expertise in real-time • Leverage our global network of specialists, as and when needed

Commercial viability for your mining operation requires detailed characterization of your ore body and optimized mineral processing. SGS’s commercial laboratory services provide a wide range of high-quality analytical methods to help you quantify your minerals and check the extraction process – from grade control for minimizing dilution during mining to process control in the plant. Our range of analytical tools support you in the discovery phase, using feasibility studies, and during operations, to ensure you have the right systems in place to improve recovery and properly monitor tailings and waste rock. SGS is recognized as the global benchmark for quality and integrity. As a result, you benefit from our pool of global expertise and laboratories, which are fitted with state-of-the-art equipment. We have a history of innovation and experience analyzing a wide range of geological materials including precious, base, critical and battery metals. Our experts perform high quality,

multi-element analyzes that target a wide variety of elements in many types of sample matrices. The output of data and insight is critical to your commercial viability, including detailed characterization of your ore body and optimized mineral processing outcomes. These insights are critical to when making informed project decisions and when communicating with lenders, investors and other important stakeholders. No matter where you are in the value chain, our industry-recognized experts are ready to help identify a tailored package or custom service offerings to meet your project needs. From sample preparation to exploration, ore- and control-grade analysis, we offer tailored packages and custom service offerings to meet all your unique needs.

Our on-site laboratories give you access to trusted, independent, third-party analysis – no matter how remote the location is.

house

Sample Administration

Sample submittal, collection and pick up

Please contact the customer service agent for your region for more information and advice on selecting the method and application for your project. Together, we can eliminate unnecessary delays and costs by following these sample submission protocols.

Samples can be submitted to the nearest SGS laboratory or sample preparation facility outlined on your proposal or quote received from SGS. When your samples are transported to SGS by a third party, please send notice of shipment dispatch directly to the SGS receiving laboratory. Please include the name of the freight company, date of dispatch, waybill numbers, number of pieces and number of samples. This ensures that we can track and plan for your shipment. We strongly recommend that all sample submissions be clearly labelled. Sample submissions that are poorly labelled or packaged can incur additional sorting charges. All sample shipments require a completed sample submittal form with clear and complete instructions to avoid delays. Sample submission forms can be found on

our website at sgs.com/geochemistry. Samples will be on hold for analysis until we have complete instructions. The minimum information required to proceed is: • Company name and complete address • Contact name • Details for distribution of reports and invoices • Method codes • Instructions on sample preparation • List or range of sample numbers • Sample Fate (remove disposal / return / or storage) requirements • Unusual sample characteristics • Warning if any samples are potentially hazardous/ additional MSDS

Some tips To eliminate customs delays, please include the following information: • Description of goods, such as “Geological sample for testing purposes only” • The receiving SGS laboratory will have the required customs or quarantine certification to receive your submission promptly. Please contact the laboratory so we can provide the permit details that must be included with the transport documents prior to dispatch • Some national authorities require prior notification before samples can be received by certified laboratories. This includes NORM samples and International Soil Samples. SGS will facilitate this to avoid unnecessary delays in sample receipt

CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_PKP G_LOG

Sample collection/pickup

Sample sorting and registration Sample weight as received Sample weight after drying Bullion weight received Bullion weight after analysis

G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG G_WGH_KG

WTKG

DRYWTKG BULWTIN BULWTOUT

house

Sample tracking

Sample return, retention, storage and disposal

All SGS laboratories run sophisticated LIMS systems, which facilitates complete tracking of analyses throughout the laboratory. It directly tracks all samples from the time they are received at the preparation facility until they are sent to a SGS Centre of Excellence, analyzed and reported. For more information about this process, please ask your local customer service agent.

SGS laboratory staff will discuss sample management with each client on an individual basis. Samples may be kept on-site for a maximum of three months, after which storage fees may apply. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information about our sample return, retention, storage and disposal services and policies.

CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_DISP

RTN01

Return, pulp/rejects to client

G_RTV_HR G_STORE G_STORE G_STORE G_STORE G_STORE G_STORE

Retrieval and handling of samples for reanalysis

STO01 STO02 STO03 STO04 STO05 STO06 DISP10 DISP11 DISP12 DISP13 DISP14 DISP15 DISP16

Store, cage, monthly rate Store, bulk bag, monthly rate Store, crate, monthly rate Store, pallet, monthly rate

Retain coarse project Retain pulp residue

G_STAMP_DISP

Sample/Waste disposal fee

G_DISP G_DISP G_DISP G_DISP G_DISP G_DISP G_DISP

Disposal via pallet, includes transfer of samples Disposal via skip, includes transfer of samples Disposal via steel cage, includes transfer of samples Disposal via bulka bag, includes transfer of samples

Disposal of sample material, per kg rate Disposal of samples, incineration (soils) Disposal of pulp samples (packets)

house

Bowl Selection

BOWL TYPE

SAMPLE CAPACITY

MAIN

MINOR

CONTAMINANT

Standard mild steel bowl Cr-free steel

To 3 kg

Fe, Cr

500 g to 1.5 kg

Zirconia

100 g 150 g 100 g

Zr, Hf W, Co

Al Ta Si

Tungsten carbide

Agate

Note: Not all pulverizing bowl types are available at all locations. Please enquire.

Sample Preparation Procedures

SPLITTING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_SPL G_SPL G_SPL G_SPL G_SPL DRYING CODE G_DRY G_DRY G_DRY G_DRY

SPL_RF SPL_CQ

Manual Riffle Splitting

Cone and Quarter Splitting

SPL_X

Split additional representative samples

SPL_RO

Rotary Split <3 kg

SPL_RO_M

Rotary Split, Micro Split <100 g

Sample Preparation

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

DRY105

Sample Drying, 105ºC, <3 kg

MICRO_105

Microwave Sample Drying, 105ºC, <3 kg

Sample preparation (also referred to as sample reduction) is the process by which a sample is crushed, split and pulverized for analysis. This will almost always involve sub-sampling. The right sampling method will produce a sub- sample that is representative of the total sample. Good sample reduction practice is essential to obtaining meaningful and reliable analytical data. SGS is committed to providing dedicated sample preparation procedures at each of our locations. This involves technologically advanced equipment and, in most cases, physically separated sample processing areas for each sample type. The crushing and pulverizing options available are varied. Your choice can depend on the sample type and the mineral that hosts the element of interest within the sample matrix. Please consult with our technical personnel for the best possible option for your samples before starting an analytical program.

During sample reduction, there are many critical points where sample contamination can occur. One such area arises from the type of equipment used. Unfortunately, during sample reduction, contamination can never be avoided but processes are utilized to keep the level of contamination to a minimum. Contamination levels are dependent on sample hardness, the media/material of the crushing and pulverizing equipment and the wear state of this equipment. Contamination levels can be minimized by using the correct pulverizing bowl type for the project. Contamination in the sample preparation process is monitored by the insertion of known barren reference materials in the process.

DRY60

Sample Drying, 60ºC, <3 kg

DRY_AIR

Sample Drying, Room Temp, <3 kg Sample Drying, Excessively Wet Samples

G_DRY_KG G_DRY_KG

DRY_XT_WT

DRY_C Oven Drying, 105ºC, Carbon Samples Note: If you require additional weight options, please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information.

house

CRUSHING CODE

PULVERIZING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_CRU G_CRU G_CRU

CRU3 CRU6

Coarse crush 3.36 mm Coarse crush 6 mm

G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL

PUL85_CR

Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 250g Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 3000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 250g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 3000g

PUL85_CR1000 PUL85_CR3000 PUL90_CR250 PUL90_CR1000 PUL90_CR3000

CRU75

Crush <3 kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU75_WT

Crush >3kg, per kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU

CRU90

Crush <3 kg, 90% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU90_WT PUL_CRM

Crush >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 2 mm CRM Pulverize <3 kg, 90% passing 1 mm CRM Pulverize >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 1 mm

G_PUL G_PUL

PUL85_ZR PUL85_W PUL85_A

Pulv, Zirconia bowl, 50-80g

PUL_CRM_KG

Pulv, Tungsten Carbide Bowl <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Mort & Pest <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Ringmill <100g Disc Grind, 106µm 500g-1.5kg

PUL85_A_RING

SCREENING CODE G_SCR_D G_SCR_D G_SCR_W

GRD106_A GRD106_B

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

Disc Grind, 106µm 1.5kg-3.5kg

SOIL_WT G_SCR_KG G_SCR_KG

Dry Screening to -80mesh (180µm), per kg Dry Screening, various micron particle sizes, per kg Wet Screening, various micron particle sizes, per kg

PUL_R PUL_H

Ringmill Preparation, Carbon Sample(s) Hand Preparation, Carbon Sample(s)

G_PUL Pulverization of Concentrates Note: If you require additional weight options, please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information. Samples can also be pulverized at customer specified grain sizes (i.e. 106 or 120 microns) and % passing requirements. Please enquire. PUL_CON

G_MET G_FAS G_FAS G_FAS G_SCR

CYC01 SCR75 SCR106 SCR212 SCR21

Cyclosizing

Metallic/Screening Procedure 75 µm Metallic/Screening Procedure 106 µm Metallic/Screening Procedure 212 µm

Wet Screening Desliming, various micron particle sizes per kg

house

Specific Gravity and Bulk Density Density is a fundamental rock property and can be defined a number of different ways. At SGS, we determine the specific gravity (SG) and bulk density (BD) of rocks, ores and aggregates. Specific gravity is the density of a material relative to water or air and is expressed as a dimensionless number. It is normally measured by the gas pycnometer method on pulp samples and amounts to the average SG of the mineral particles making up the rock or ore. It is an important parameter when developing metallurgical flowsheets or calculating the exact weight of a concentrate being shipped or stored. Density profiles of ores for dense media separation can be measured using heavy liquids. Bulk density is the average SG of the minerals comprising a rock plus the void space (from vugs, pores, etc.) and is measured by the water immersion method on fist sized rock samples or core. Samples are waxed if there is significant porosity. If the rock samples are competent waxing may not be necessary. Bulk density along with grade and volume is an extremely important parameter in calculating tonnages for Mineral Resource estimates or ore reserves, which are critical for economic evaluation of mineral deposits. Inadequate BD measurements are often at the root of errors in ore estimates with financial consequences for projects. Use high quality specific gravity, bulk density and grain size physical property data from SGS for robust Resource Estimate calculations and in developing mineral processing flow sheets.

Particle Size Analysis Particle size analysis is used to determine the size classification of tills, sediments or ores or to produce sized fractions for additional testing/analysis. SGS offers particle size analysis by wet screening, dry screening, a combination of both, or laser diffraction. Wet screening is preferable to dry screening for materials containing a high percentage of clays which tend to agglomerate and thus give erroneous dry screening results. Dry screen tests can be performed on a variety of materials, but the sample must be free flowing and the particles separated (i.e. unagglomerated). Often wet and dry methods are combined. Wet screening is performed to remove excessive fines then dry screening is performed to remove the oversize. Depending upon the nature of the material, dry screening, wet screening or a combination of both can be used. Laser diffraction is recommended for very fine grained samples, as it is capable of measuring particle sizes at very low limits (0.02 microns). Laser diffraction is suitable for use with both wet and dry samples.

Miscellaneous Procedures

CODE

ANALYTE CODE G_WSH_CRU G_WSH_PUL

DESCRIPTION

G_WSH G_WSH G_PRP G_RAD G_PRP G_PRP G_QRT

Barren wash after crushing stage Barren wash after pulverizing stage

PRP_COM

Compositing samples

Radiation monitoring using scintillation counter

PRP_EN PRP_EN2

Radioactive preparation environment Asbestos preparation environment Sample quarantine and handling

G_PHY15V G_PHY16V

Particle size, sieve analysis (dry or wet)

Particle size, laser diffraction

Moisture and Loss on Ignition (LOI) Many materials contain volatile components and/or moisture. SGS has a variety of tests, including moisture (H2O), loss on ignition (LOI) (at various temperatures) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), that provide reliable and quantitative analyses of these parameters.

MOISTURE (H 2 O) CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S) ≥ 0.1% ≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.1%

DESCRIPTION

G_PHY06V G_PHY08V G_PHY17V G_PHY18V

Specific gravity - pycnometer Specific gravity - volumetric

H 2 O- H 2 O- H 2 O-

Bulk, Gravimetric determination at 105ºC Pulp, Gravimetric determination at 105ºC

G_PHY03V G_PHY04V G_PHY05V

Bulk density - immersion, waxed Bulk density - immersion, non-waxed

Penfield tube

LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI) CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

G_PHY01V G_PHY02V

LOI LOI

-10 - 100% -50 - 100%

Gravimetric determination at 1000ºC Multi-point TGA determinations

Note: Moisture and LOI can be determined at other temperatures. Please enquire.

house

Multi-Element Exploration ICP-OES and ICP-MS Packages Sample digestion

Drill-core and rock samples are generally analyzed by four acid or fusion digestion, with a multi-element finish. Where metal contents are high, samples can require further testing by other methods to ensure data is precise and accurate enough for regulatory reporting. Refer to the Ore-Grade Analysis section in this guide. Instrumentation ICP-OES and ICP-MS are accepted in the mineral exploration industry as rapid and cost- effective means of analysis, because they determine many elements at low detection limits and wide ranges. Other instruments that can be used for specific elements are AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) and Hydride AAS.

Sample digestion is the most important parameter to consider when choosing an analytical method. There are several types of digestion available, including:

• Aqua regia digestion • Four acid digestion • Sodium peroxide fusion • Lithium metaborate fusion

Typically, reconnaissance exploration grade samples (including regional soil samples) are analyzed by aqua regia digestion followed by a multi-element scan for base metals, trace and lithological elements.

Exploration Analysis

Aqua Regia Digestion Aqua regia is a combination of hydrochloric and nitric acids in a nominal 3:1 ratio. This is a weak digestion for geological samples that is appropriate for initial site exploration. Aqua regia will not break down silicate and other refractory minerals, providing partial results for most elements. ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both techniques can be used to measure these digests. A minimum 0.5g sample is required. Note: For samples containing high levels of organic materials or sulphide minerals, a modified aqua regia method (GE_ICP22B20 and/or GE_IMS22B20) is recommended.

Our global services provides a range of geochemical methods for finding and characterizing mineral deposits of every type. Discovering economically viable mineral deposits requires an expert understanding of the geochemical signatures and footprints of potential ore bodies. We lead the way in providing fit for purpose exploration geochemical analysis solutions that support exploration programs around the world. Utilizing a range of effective and proven methods, including our innovative Mobile Metal Ion (MMI™) technology, we can help you in the discovery of all categories of ore systems, including critical metals, industrial materials, base and precious metal deposits. We ensure that our solutions are tailored to your needs considering time, speed of analysis, cost and requirements of key stakeholders or disclosure legislation such as JORC, NI43-101 and SK-1300.

GE_ICP21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 2 - 100 ppm

Hg 1 - 10,000 ppm

Sb 5 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 0.001 - 15% V 1 - 10,000 ppm W 10 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.005 - 15% As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2,500 ppm Bi 5 - 10,000 ppm Ca 0.002 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.005 - 15%

La 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Li 1 - 10,000 ppm Mg 0.001 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 1 - 10,000 ppm Na 0.005 - 15% Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

P 0.003 - 15%

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

S 0.01 - 5%

Note: Additional element can be added upon request.

house

GE_IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm

Ga 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Hg 0.01 - 100 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Sn 0.2 - 1,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Th 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.01 - 10%

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 5 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.01 - 10%

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Mg 0.01 - 15%

Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ti 0.01 - 10%

Ca 0.01 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Na 0.01 - 10%

Ni 0.2 - 10,000 ppm

V 1 - 10,000 ppm

P 0.01 - 1%

W 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm

Pb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

ICP21B20 & IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 100 ppm Hg 0.01 - 100 ppm

Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Se 1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 0.2- 1,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ta 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Al 0.005 - 15%

In 0.005 - 500 ppm

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.005 - 15%

Multi-acid digests Multi-acid (Four acid) digestion is a very effective dissolution procedure for a large number of mineral species and is suitable for a wide range of elements. Multi-acid digestion uses a combination of HNO3 (nitric acid), HF (hydrofluoric acid), HClO4 (perchloric acid) and HCl (hydrochloric acid). Because hydrofluoric acid dissolves silicate minerals, these digestions are often referred to as “near-total digestions”. Requires a minimum sample weight of 0.5g. Lower and upper limit can vary slightly among SGS laboratories because some laboratories may not have access to high purity reagents and consumables. Please talk with your local laboratory manager to make sure you receive the reporting limits you need. Note: Refractory minerals such as oxides have limited solubility in multi-acid (Four acid) digestions. Often elements can precipitate or volatilize during digestion. These factors can compromise analytical results for Al, As, Ba, Cr, Hf, Mo, Mn, Nb, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Th, Ti, Ta, U, W, Zr and rare earth elements in some sample types.

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Li 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.001 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ca 0.002 - 15%

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Ti 0.001 - 15%

Na 0.005 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Nb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Ni 0.2 - 10,000 ppm

V 1 - 10,000 ppm

P 0.003 - 15%

W 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 100 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

Pb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ga 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ge 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Hf 0.05 - 500 ppm

S 0.01 - 5%

GE_ICP40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 2 - 100 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

GO_ICP21B100 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.001 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

Fe 0.01 - 15% K 0.01 - 15%

S 0.005 - 5%

Al 0.01 - 15%

Sb 5 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 0.001 - 15% V 2 - 10,000 ppm W 10 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Ni 0.001 - 10% Pb 0.001 - 10% S 0.01 - 30% Zn 0.01 - 10%

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2500 ppm Bi 5 - 10,000 ppm Ca 0.005 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

La 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Li 1 - 10,000 ppm Mg 0.002 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 1 - 10,000 ppm Na 0.005 - 15% Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

As 0.01 - 10% Cd 0.001 -10% Co 0.001 - 10%

Fe 0.01 - 30% Mn 0.01 - 10% Mo 0.001 - 10%

GE_HAS21B20 TWO ACID / AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / HYDRIDE AAS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.1 - 500 ppm Sb 0.1 - 500 ppm

Te 0.1 - 500 ppm

P 0.001 - 15%

Bi 0.1 - 500 ppm

Se 0.1 - 500 ppm

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm

Note: Additional elements are available on request.

house

GE_ICP40Q12 & GE_IMS40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.02 - 100 ppm K 0.01 - 15%

GE_ICP90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Al 0.01 - 25%

Sn 0.2 - 1,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ta 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

K 0.1 - 25%

Sc 5 - 50,000 ppm

Al 0.01 - 15%

La 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Li 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.002 - 15% Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

As 30 - 100,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm

La 10 - 50,000 ppm Li 10 - 50,000 ppm

Si 0.1 - 30%

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 2,500 ppm Bi 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

Sn 50 - 50,000 ppm Sr 10 - 5,000 ppm

Mg 0.01 - 25%

Ca 0.1 - 25%

Mn 10 - 100,000 ppm Mo 10 - 50,000 ppm Ni 10 - 100,000 ppm

Ti 0.01 - 25%

Cd 10 - 50,000 ppm Co 10 - 50,000 ppm Cr 20 - 50,000 ppm Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm

V 10 - 50,000 ppm W 50 - 40,000 ppm Y 5 - 25,000 ppm Zn 10 - 50,000 ppm

Ca 0.005 - 15%

Ti 0.001 - 15%

Cd 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cr 1 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Na 0.005 - 15%

Tl 0.02 - 10,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm W 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.1 - 10,000 ppm V 2 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

P 0.01 - 25%

Nb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

Pb 20 - 100,000 ppm Sb 50 - 100,000 ppm

P 0.001 - 15%

Fe 0.01 - 25%

Pb 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm Rb 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Note: Boron can be added on request.

GE_ICP90A50 & GE_IMS90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Al 0.01 - 25% Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 15%

S 0.005 - 5%

Ga 0.05 - 1000 ppm Hf 0.02 - 500 ppm

Sb 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Si 0.1 - 30%

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm Bi 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

In 0.2 - 1,000 ppm

Sm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Sr 10 - 5,000 ppm Ta 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

In 0.005 - 500 ppm Se 1 - 1,000 ppm Note: Select packages for rare earth elements can be found on page 50. GO_ICP42Q100 FOUR ACID DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag 0.01 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

K 0.1 - 25%

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Li 10 - 50,000 ppm Lu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Mg 0.01 - 25% Mn 10 - 100,000 Mo 2 - 10,000 ppm Nb 2 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ni 10 - 100,000 ppm

Ca 0.1 - 25%

Cd 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Cr 20 - 50,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm Dy 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Ni 0.001 - 10% Pb 0.01 - 30% S 0.01 - 10% Zn 0.01 - 30%

Ti 0.01 - 25%

Al 0.1 - 30% As 0.01 - 10% Ca 0.1 - 30% Cd 0.001 - 10% Co 0.001 - 10%

Fe 0.1 - 30% Li 0.01 - 10%

Tl 0.5 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm U 2 - 10,000 ppm V 10 - 50,000 ppm W 5 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zn 10 - 50,000 ppm

Mg 0.1 - 30% Mn 0.001 - 10% Mo 0.001 - 10%

P 0.01 - 25%

Note: Additional elements can be added upon request.

Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm Pr 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Rb 2 - 10,000 ppm Sb 1 - 10,000 ppm

Fusion packages Fusion analyses result in complete dissolution of samples and are referred to as ‘total analyses.’ Fusions are typically more aggressive than acid digestion methods and are suitable for many refractory minerals such as chromite, ilmenite, spinel, cassiterite, lithium containing species and minerals of the tantalum-tungsten solid solution series. Sodium peroxide fusions Sodium peroxide is a strongly oxidizing basic flux that renders refractory minerals soluble. The sample is fused in a zirconium crucible and the temperature is kept relatively low, allowing the measurement of elements that are volatilized at the higher temperatures of lithium borate fusions. Samples can be measured using ICP-OES or a combination with ICP-MS. Some laboratories offer an alternate scheme using glassy carbon crucibles (GE_ICP91A50 and GE_ IMS91A50) to include Zr, Ag and Hf. Alternate dissolution using hydrochloric acid (GE_ ICP92A50 and GE_IMS92A50) is also available. Please contact your local customer service agent for the best approach for your samples. Requires a minimum sample weight of 0.2g.

Fe 0.01 - 25%

Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm

Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Note: Ag, Hf & Zr are available under package GE_ICM91A50, please contact your local customer service agent for details.

GO_ICP90Q100 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS/ICP-OES ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.01 – 20% Mg 0.01 – 30%

Sb 0.01 – 20% Zn 0.01 - 30%

Bi 0.01 – 10% Co 0.01 - 30% Cu 0.01 - 30% Fe 0.05 - 50%

Mn 0.01 – 30% Mo 0.01 - 30% Ni 0.01 - 30%

Pb 0.01 - 30% Requires a minimum sample weight of 0.5 g. For samples containing these elements at greater than the upper limit an alternative technique will be used for full recovery.

GE_HAS90A20 PEROXIDE FUSION/HYDRIDE AAS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) As 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

Bi 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

Sb 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

house

Lithium Metaborate Fusion Lithium metaborate fusion is a high temperature procedure that dissolves rock forming minerals, trace minerals and refractory minerals. Lithium metaborate fusion solutions can be analyzed by ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both . This technique requires a minimum sample weight of 0.2 g.

GE_IMS95A50 LITHIUM METABORATE FUSION / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Mo 2 - 10,000 ppm Nb 1 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Ni 5 - 10,000 ppm Pr 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Rb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Sm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Sn 1 - 10,000 ppm

Ta 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm U 0.05 - 10,000 ppm V 5 - 10,000 ppm W 1 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 1,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Zr 0.5 – 1,000 ppm

Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 5 - 10,000 ppm Dy 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Hf 1 - 10,000 ppm

Mobile Metal ION – MMI™ Soil Geochemistry SGS is the owner and sole provider of MMI™ Technology. We have over 20 years of experience with this technology, and we are the market leaders in providing a weak extraction of the mobile form of the ions residing in near surface soils. MMI™ is a world-renowned exploration tool repeatedly proven to find buried mineral deposits. MMI™ Technology is an innovative analytical process that uses a unique analysis of metals in soils and weathered materials. Target elements are extracted using weak solutions of organic and inorganic compounds rather than conventional aggressive acid-based digests. MMI™ solutions contain strong ligands, which detach and hold the metal ions that were loosely bound to soil particles by weak atomic forces. The extraction does not dissolve the bound forms of metal ions. Thus, metal ions in MMI solutions are the chemically active or ‘mobile’ component of the sample. Because these mobile, loosely bound complexes are in very low concentrations, elemental determinations are made by conventional or cell-based ICP-MS. There are many benefits to using MMI™ Technology for soil geochemistry, including: • Few false anomalies • Focused anomalies • Minimal nugget effects MMI Sample Collection Sample collection is the critical part of a soil geochemistry program. The MMI™ Technology has specific sampling protocols based on years of experience and research. In the absence of an orientation survey, samples must be taken at a constant depth (10-25 cm) below the organic-inorganic soil interface. There is no sample preparation or drying. The analysis is performed on a 50g sample and the extracted solution is analyzed via ICP-MS, providing determinations in the part per billion range. For detailed instructions of the MMI™ sampling protocols and orientation surveys, please visit sgs.com/geochemistry or contact us at naturalresources@sgs.com. Additional MMI Analyses The application of ICP-MS cell technology to the analysis of MMI samples results in lower detection limits due to the removal of interferences. This means better definition of anomalous targets, for example, in the exploration of nickel deposits, kimberlites and layered intrusions. Here, chromium, an important geological trace element, can be measured down to 1ppb. Similarly, for uranium exploration, low level vanadium (1ppb) is also important. These can be measured using an enhanced package, scheme code GE_MMIME. Additional elements such as S, B, Br, I, and Pb isotopes can also be measured as required.

Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Note: Lithium metaborate fusion whole rock ICP-OES package GO_ICP95A50 can be found on page 34.

Individual Methods for Exploration Grade Analysis

SULPHUR AND CARBON CODE(S)

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION IR combustion

GE_CSA06V

S C

0.005 - 30% 0.005 - 30% 0.01 - 30%

0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.3

2 -

Leach/ICP-OES

1.0 0.2

GE_CSA07D GE_CSA08Q GE_CSB02V GE_CSA03B

SO 4

≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.05%

Leach/ IR combustion

S 2-

CO 2 (Carbonate)

Coulometry

0.02 - 0.1

C (organic) C (inorganic) C (organic) C (inorganic) C (graphitic) C (graphitic)

0.01 - 40% 0.01 - 30%

Leach/IR combustion

0.25

GE_CSB03V

≥ 0.05% ≥ 0.01%

Coulometry

0.02 - 0.1

GE_CSA05V GE_CSB05V

0.05 - 50%

Leach/IR combustion

0.05

≥ 0.05%

Coulometry

0.1

ADDITIONAL SINGLE ELEMENTS CODE(S)

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

GE_CVA37A25

0.005 - 100 ppm 25 - 100,000 ppm

Cold vapour AAS

0.15

GE_ISE20V

Ion selective

0.1

electrode

GE_ISE30V

50 - 5,000 ppm

Ion selective

0.2

electrode Titration

GO_CLA30V

25 - 20,000 ppm

SGS offers a wide variety of specific element analyzes. Please contact your local customer service agent.

house

GE_MMIM MOBILE METAL ION STANDARD PACKAGE / ICP-MS ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.5 ppb Er ≥ 0.2 ppb

GE ICP80T GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-OES PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.001 ppm Co ≥ 0.01 ppm

Nd ≥ 1 ppb Ni ≥ 5 ppb P ≥ 0.1 ppm Pb ≥ 5 ppb Pd ≥ 1 ppb Pr ≥ 0.5 ppb Pt ≥ 0.1 ppb Rb ≥ 1 ppb Sb ≥ 0.5 ppb Sc ≥ 5 ppb Sm ≥ 1 ppb Sn ≥ 1 ppb Sr ≥ 10 ppb Ta ≥ 1 ppb

Tb ≥ 0.1 ppb Te ≥ 10 ppb Th ≥ 0.5 ppb Ti ≥ 10 ppb Tl ≥ 0.1 ppb U ≥ 0.5 ppb W ≥ 0.5 ppb

Mn ≥ 0.005 ppm Mo ≥ 0.01 ppm Na ≥ 0.05 ppm Ni ≥ 0.01 ppm P ≥ 0.05 ppm Pb ≥ 0.03 ppm Sb ≥ 0.05 ppm Sc ≥ 0.001 ppm

Sn ≥ 0.05 ppm Sr ≥ 0.001 ppm Ti ≥ 0.01 ppm V ≥ 0.01 ppm W ≥ 0.05 ppm Y ≥ 0.005 ppm Zn ≥ 0.005 ppm Zr ≥ 0.01 ppm

Al ≥ 1 ppm As ≥ 10 ppb Au ≥ 0.1 ppb Ba ≥ 10 ppb Bi ≥ 0.5 ppb Ca ≥ 2 ppm Cd ≥ 1 ppb Ce ≥ 2 ppb Co ≥ 1 ppb Cr ≥ 100 ppb Cs ≥ 0.2 ppb Cu ≥ 10 ppb Dy ≥ 0.5 ppb

Eu ≥ 0.2 ppb Fe ≥ 1 ppm Ga ≥ 0.5 ppb Gd ≥ 0.5 ppb Hg ≥ 1 ppb In ≥ 0.1 ppb K ≥ 0.5 ppm La ≥ 1 ppb

Al ≥ 0.05 ppm As ≥ 0.03 ppm Ba ≥ 0.01 ppm Be ≥ 0.005 ppm Bi ≥ 0.05 ppm Ca ≥ 0.05 ppm Cd ≥ 0.01 ppm

Cr ≥ 0.01 ppm Cu ≥ 0.005 ppm Fe ≥ 0.05 ppm K ≥ 0.1 ppm La ≥ 0.01 ppm Li ≥ 0.01 ppm Mg ≥ 0.05 ppm

Y ≥ 1 ppb

Yb ≥ 0.2 ppb Zn ≥ 10 ppb

Note: B, S and Si can be added upon request.

Li ≥ 1 ppb

Mg ≥ 0.5 ppm Mn ≥ 100 ppb Mo ≥ 2 ppb Nb ≥ 0.5 ppb

Zr ≥ 2 ppb

GE_IMS80T GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-MS PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND LIMIT(S) Ag ≥ 0.01 ppb Eu ≥ 0.01 ppb

Ni ≥ 0.1 ppb Pb ≥ 0.01 ppb Pr ≥ 0.01 ppb Rb ≥ 0.1 ppb Sb ≥ 0.1 ppb Sc ≥ 0.1 ppb Se ≥ 1 ppb Sm ≥ 0.01 ppb Sn ≥ 0.01 ppb Sr ≥ 0.01 ppb Ta ≥ 0.01 ppb Tb ≥ 0.01 ppb Te ≥ 0.1 ppb

Th ≥ 0.01 ppb Tl ≥ 0.01 ppb Tm ≥ 0.01 ppb U ≥ 0.01 ppb

Rovidus. Litatis sus ratem.

As ≥ 1 ppb

Ga ≥ 0.01 ppb Gd ≥ 0.01 ppb Hf ≥ 0.01 ppb Hg ≥ 0.2 ppb Ho ≥ 0.01 ppb In ≥ 0.01 ppb La ≥ 0.01 ppb Lu ≥ 0.05 ppb Mn ≥ 0.1 ppb Mo ≥ 1 ppb Nb ≥ 0.01 ppb Nd ≥ 0.01 ppb

Ba ≥ 0.01 ppb Be ≥ 0.1 ppb Bi ≥ 0.01 ppb Cd ≥ 0.01 ppb Ce ≥ 0.01 ppb Co ≥ 0.1 ppb

Biogeochemistry SGS has considerable experience in the preparation and analysis of a wide range of vegetation samples. Such samples may be dried and macerated or ashed prior to acid digestion and analysis by ICP-OES (GE_ICP23D50) and ICP-MS (GE_IMS23D50).

V ≥ 1 ppb

W ≥ 0.01 ppb Y ≥ 0.01 ppb Yb ≥ 0.01 ppb Zn ≥ 1 ppb Zr ≥ 0.1 ppb

GE_ICP23D50 ELEMENTS AND LIMITS Al 12 - 150,000 ppm B 10 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Ca 30 - 150,000 ppm Cr 10 - 10,000 ppm Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Cr ≥ 1 ppb

Cs ≥ 0.01 ppb Cu ≥ 0.1 ppb Dy ≥ 0.1 ppb Er ≥ 0.01 ppb

K 7 - 250,000ppm Li 0.2 - 50,000 ppm Mg 9 - 150,000 ppm Mn 2 - 10,000 ppm Na 12 - 150,000 ppm Ni 1 - 10,000 ppm

S 42 - 410,000 ppm Sr 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ti 1 - 150,000 ppm V 20 - 10,000 ppm Zn 1 - 10,000 ppm Zr 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Note: Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir can be added upon request.

ADDITIONAL GROUND WATER ANALYSIS CODE(S)

ELEMENT

DESCRIPTION Gravimetric

Fe 7 - 150,000 ppm P 18 - 250,000 ppm Note: Vegetation sample preparation: Dry and macerate sample (G_DRY_KG, VEG10_WT)) or ash at 475 o C (G_PRP, PRP_ASH).

G_PHY14V GC_ISE10T GE_ISE21T GE_ISE30T

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE)

Fluoride F _ Chloride Cl _

GE_IMS23D50 ELEMENTS AND LIMITS Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm As 10 - 10,000 ppm

Ga 1 - 10,000 ppm Gd 0.01 - 1,000 ppm

Pb 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Pd 0.01 - 500 ppm Pr 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Pt 0.005 - 350 ppm Rb 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Rh 0.001 - 500 ppm Sb 0.04 - 10,000 ppm Sc 0.3 - 10,000 ppm

Ta 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Tb 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Te 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Th 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Tl 0.002 - 1,000 ppm Tm 0.002 - 1,000 ppm U 0.001 - 10,000 ppm W 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Y 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.002 - 100 ppm

Lithogeochemistry Lithogeochemical analysis is used for basic rock characterisation based on major, minor and trace element chemistry. It requires whole rock analytical methods to ensure that refractory minerals such as zircon and chromite are fully dissolved. Lithogeochemical analysis may be used in exploration programs for identification of different rock types that might occur in drill core or at outcrop, particularly when primary lithologies are obscured by subsequent alteration or metamorphic events. Lithogeochemical analysis is also used by geological surveys undertaking geological mapping projects, by researchers studying geological, geochemical and petrological processes and by oil companies requiring complete rock characterization for calibrating core responses to borehole sensors.

Au 0.005 - 5 ppm

Hf 0.5 - 500 ppm

Bi 0.005 - 10,000 ppm Cd 0.03 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Dy 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Er 0.005 - 1,000 ppm Eu 0.002 - 1,000 ppm

Hg 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Ho 0.002 - 500 ppm In 0.005 - 500 ppm Ir 0.002 - 500 ppm La 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Lu 0.002 - 10,000 ppm Mo 0.05 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.02 - 10,000 ppm

Se 5 - 1,000 ppm

Sm 0.005 - 1,000 ppm

Sn 0.4 - 1,000 ppm Note: Vegetation sample preparation: Dry and macerate sample (G_DRY_KG, VEG10_WT)) or ash at 475 o C (G_PRP, PRP_ASH).

Hydrogeochemistry The analyzes offered in this section are suitable for groundwater samples used in mineral exploration, but NOT for salt water, brines, effluent solutions and metal-carrying solutions generated in processing circuits or environmental applications. Requests for environmental services will be forwarded to an SGS Environmental Services Laboratory.

Page 1 Page 2-3 Page 4-5 Page 6-7 Page 8-9 Page 10-11 Page 12-13 Page 14-15 Page 16-17 Page 18-19 Page 20-21 Page 22-23 Page 24-25 Page 26-27 Page 28-29 Page 30-31 Page 32-33 Page 34-35 Page 36-37 Page 38-39 Page 40-41 Page 42-43 Page 44-45 Page 46-47 Page 48-49 Page 50-51 Page 52-53 Page 54-55 Page 56-57 Page 58-59 Page 60-61 Page 62-63 Page 64-65 Page 66-67 Page 68-69 Page 70-71 Page 72

Made with FlippingBook Annual report maker