Geochemistry Guide 2026

Discover how SGS sets the benchmark in geochemistry services. Whether you're in exploration, resource estimation or production, we offer cutting edge solutions to optimize your mining lifecycle. Our comprehensive analytical services span a wide range of commodities, ensuring precise and reliable results. Learn about our onsite labs, sample preparation services and state-of-the-art equipment – designed to meet all of your project needs.

How do we support you?

Environmental monitoring Permitting support Engineering support

Geology Geochemistry Mineralogy Resources estimation

Process design Metallurgy Permitting & environmental assessment Greenhouse gas emissions

Spotlight on SQUARE-ARROW-DOWN

Procurement & deconstruction management

At SGS, we are committed to advancing geochemistry with technologies that deliver reliable results while reducing environmental impact. Our adoption of ESG-friendly methods helps clients achieve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Supporting sustainable innovation in geochemistry

Exploration, Resources & Development

Closure & Rehabilitation

Feasibility Studies

Mining value chain

PhotonAssay™ SGS operates multiple PhotonAssay™ units worldwide, offering a rapid, non-destructive alternative to fire assay. Using high-energy X-ray technology, PhotonAssay™ can analyze samples of up to ~500 g in under two minutes. This technique delivers accurate analysis of gold, silver and copper without consuming or altering the sample. Unlike conventional fire assay, PhotonAssay™ eliminates the use of lead and other hazardous reagents, cutting chemical waste and improving laboratory safety. By reducing analysis time, it helps our clients accelerate decision-making in exploration, grade control and reserve estimation. By combining precision, speed, and reduced environmental footprint, SGS supports mining companies in meeting both operational and sustainability goals. Learn how PhotonAssay™ can help reduce your Scope 2 emissions

ColdBlock™ digestion SGS was among the first laboratories to adopt ColdBlock™, an innovative sample digestion technology that uses short-wave infrared heating combined with a cooling zone. This process achieves near-total digestions in about 30 minutes, compared with the 2–3 hours often required for conventional four- acid methods. The technology minimizes volatilization losses, ensures consistent recoveries across multiple elements, and reduces the risk of cross-contamination. ColdBlock™ eliminates the use of perchloric acid, a hazardous and highly regulated reagent, improving operator safety and reducing environmental liabilities. The method also lowers energy consumption and enhances throughput, enabling laboratories to process more samples in less time while maintaining accuracy and reproducibility. By integrating these technologies, SGS helps clients meet today’s exploration and mining challenges with solutions that are accurate, safe, and sustainable.

Transportation

Planning & Construction

Operation & Production

Loading & discharge inspection Trade analysis

On-site laboratories Advanced process control & optimization Asset integrity

Engineering, Procurement & Construction Management (EPCM) Quality, Health, Safety & Environment (QHSE) Installation regulatory assurance Sustainability planning

Asset integrity & operation safety Environmental compliance

Operation safety & sustainability

Geochemistry commercial laboratories map

Analytical Laboratory & Sample Preparation Analytical Hub & Centre of Excellence

Spotlight on SQUARE-ARROW-DOWN

Expanding geochemistry expertise across key regions

Türkiye: a major laboratory expansion We have relocated our geochemistry laboratory in Ankara to a modern, larger facility, enhancing capacity and service scope. Supported by a new sample preparation unit in Izmir, the site is designed to improve efficiency and provide more responsive services to clients across the region. The laboratory brings together more than 50 geochemistry professionals and a full suite of advanced instrumentation — including Fire Assay, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, AAS, LECO, Satmagan, Auto Titrator and XRF — ensuring reliable analysis from exploration through to trade. This investment reinforces our commitment to Türkiye, the Balkans and the Middle East, positioning Ankara as a hub for geochemistry expertise.

Plans are underway to expand its capabilities to offer comprehensive multi-element packages, delivering broader analytical support within the Kingdom. Namibia: new laboratory presence We have established a geochemistry laboratory in Walvis Bay, delivering high-quality mineral testing within one of Africa’s most resource-rich regions. Services include sample preparation (drying, crushing, pulverizing, sieving) and XRF analysis for rapid grade control and process oversight. By offering these services locally, we reduce reliance on overseas testing and help clients achieve faster, more efficient results. Together, these developments highlight our commitment to building regional geochemistry networks that provide timely, dependable and sustainable services worldwide.

SGS hub & center of excellence details: SGS Canada 3260 Production Way

SGS Australia 28 Reid Road Perth Airport WA 6105 +61 1300 781 744

SGS South Africa Zuurbekom Road Randfontein 1760 +27 111002170

SGS Peru Avenida Elmer Faucett 3348 Callao +51 99984 0027

Saudi Arabia: expanding sample preparation services

Burnaby V5A 4W4 +1 604 638 2349

In support of Vision 2030, we have opened a geochemistry sample preparation facility in Saudi Arabia. The site provides clients with more direct access to laboratory services, streamlining sample handling and shortening project timelines.

naturalresources@sgs.com

On-site and commercial laboratory testing

IMAGE HERE

Commercial laboratory insights to make informed decisions

Customized on-site laboratory testing

Detailed characterization and optimization

• Fast turnaround times and accurate data • Reduction of shipping and project delays • Improve resource allocation to more effectively run core operations • Take advantage of our technical expertise in real-time • Leverage our global network of specialists, as and when needed

including precious, base, critical, and battery metals, our teams deliver high-quality, multi-element analyses across various sample matrices. Critical insights for informed decision-making The data and insights we provide are pivotal for your commercial viability, facilitating informed project decisions and effective communication with stakeholders such as lenders and investors. No matter where you are in the value chain, our industry-renowned experts stand ready to tailor solutions and customize services to meet your specific project requirements. We provide customized solutions for every stage, from sample preparation to analysis, built around your project’s unique needs.

From exploration to operation, our team provides analytical data and insight to help you make informed decisions to create an efficient, financially viable mining operation while meeting your compliance obligations. SGS is ready to help you with independent on-site laboratory services, no matter where your mine site is located. We specialize in the design, engineering, and operation of laboratories world-wide. With strict quality control and safety standards in place at all SGS laboratories, our clients receive the highest quality of analysis. This allows you to focus on your core business, while having the ability to benefit from: SGS continues extending our footprint, implementing new technology, adapting to ESG practices and building trust with our clients

Commercial viability for your mining operation hinges on detailed ore body characterization and optimized mineral processing. SGS’s commercial laboratory services offer a comprehensive array of high-quality analytical methods to quantify minerals and enhance extraction processes. From grade control to process monitoring, our analytical tools support you through feasibility studies and operational phases, ensuring efficient recovery and effective management of tailings and waste rock. Global expertise and cutting-edge facilities SGS is globally recognized for setting benchmarks in quality and integrity. Benefit from our extensive global expertise and state-of-the-art laboratories equipped with innovative technology. With expertise in analyzing diverse geological materials

A trusted partner

How precise the analysis needs to be depends on your purpose and where you are in the value chain. During early-stage exploration, precision at low concentrations and cost-effectiveness are key, whereas in grade control situations, accuracy and precision are critical, requiring high precision methodologies. Online customer portal Our clients have access to our customer portal platforms. They allow clients to track sample status, access analytical data, view job details, turnaround times, methodologies, and quality control data. Results are reported electronically upon completion and can be specified in various units (ppb, ppm, g/t, %, oz/tonne). Data turnaround Samples are processed promptly at each SGS laboratory. For turnaround commitments outside contractual arrangements, please discuss with our customer service personnel. An SGS customer service agent is always available to assist you with analytical technique selection. Contact us at naturalresources@sgs.com

SGS’s Centres of Excellence and major regional laboratories conform to the International Standard ISO 17025 as per the published scopes of accreditation. SGS provides analytical services throughout the mining cycle. Analytical methods and limits At SGS, we ensure confidence in our results by determining method-specific limits. In mineral analysis, detection limits are often misused and confusing, and lower limits can be misleading without proper validation. Method choice should be based on well- defined circumstances and statistical analysis to test lower limits accurately. When selecting a method, it is important to consider: • What are the elements of interest and their concentration range? • What is the required precision at or near the concentration of the analyte of interest? • What is the mineral composition or source of my samples and will this affect the detection limit for the elements of interest?

Commitment to quality and trust

• Respect customer confidentiality and individual privacy • Be known and recognized for our expertise, reliability, quality, and consistency • Nurture and encourage a culture of quality and professionalism within SGS - Continuously challenge ourselves by reviewing and improving our quality objectives and performance indicators to lower risks and raise customer satisfaction levels - To use methods which are suitably validated, fit-for-purpose and based on internationally recognized methods when possible • Measure, maintain and increase our knowledge base through sustainable processes of talent recruitment, employee training and retention • Recognize and protect our intellectual property, intelligence and embody the SGS brand

Our clients depend on us for high quality analytical results to make important business and project decisions. Our laboratories follow global procedures to select appropriate quality control materials, insertion frequency and appropriate acceptance and rejection criteria for each of our methods. At the heart of our quality control program is the SGS Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), which includes structured record keeping protocols, validated methods, and a standardized statistical process control system. This allows our highly trained analysts to quickly confirm the validity of the data, so our clients benefit from high quality analysis with quick turnaround times. By focusing on continuous improvement and operational excellence we ensure the long-term sustainability of our business and high levels of customer satisfaction. Our aim and commitment is to: • Develop and maintain the laboratory processes to deliver high quality, optimized and coherent services • Build strong customer relationships based on trust, mutual respect, flexibility and the prioritization of needs

Sample administration

CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

Some tips To eliminate customs delays, please include the following information: • Description of goods, such as “Geological sample for testing purposes only” • The receiving SGS laboratory will have the required customs or quarantine certification to receive your submission promptly. Please contact the laboratory so we can provide the permit details that must be included with the transport documents prior to dispatch • Some national authorities require prior notification before samples can be received by certified laboratories. This includes NORM samples and International Soil Samples. SGS will facilitate this to avoid unnecessary delays in sample receipt

G_PKP G_LOG

Sample collection/pickup

Sample sorting and registration Sample weight as received Sample weight after drying Bullion weight received Bullion weight after analysis

G_WGH_KG WTKG

G_WGH_KG DRYWTKG G_WGH_KG BULWTIN G_WGH_KG BULWTOUT

Sample tracking

All SGS laboratories run sophisticated LIMS systems, which facilitate complete tracking of analyses throughout the laboratory. LIMS directly tracks all samples from the time they are received at the preparation facility until they are sent to a SGS Centre of Excellence, analyzed and reported. For more information about this process, please ask your local customer

Sample return, retention, storage and disposal

Please contact your SGS customer service agent for more information about sample return, retention, storage and disposal services, fees and policies.

Together, we can eliminate unnecessary delays and costs by following these sample submission protocols.

Sample submittal, collection and pick up

Samples can be submitted to the nearest SGS laboratory or sample preparation facility outlined on your proposal received from SGS. When your samples are transported to SGS by a third party, please send notice of shipment dispatch directly to the SGS receiving laboratory. Please include the name of the freight company, date of dispatch, waybill numbers, number of pieces and number of samples. This ensures that we can track and plan for your shipment. We strongly recommend that all sample submissions be clearly labelled. Sample submissions that are poorly labelled or packaged can incur additional sorting charges. All sample shipments require a completed sample submittal form with clear and complete instructions to avoid delays.

Sample submission forms can be found on our website at sgs.com/geochemistry. Samples will be on hold for analysis until we have complete instructions. The minimum information required to proceed is: • Company name and complete address • Contact name • Details for distribution of reports and invoices • Method codes • Instructions on sample preparation • List or range of sample numbers • Sample fate requirements • Unusual sample characteristics • Warning if any samples are potentially hazardous/ additional MSDS

Sample preparation

Sample preparation procedures

SPLITTING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_SPL G_SPL G_SPL

SPL_RF

Manual Riffle Splitting

SPL_X

Split additonal representative samples

SPL_RO

Rotary Split <3 Kg

DRYING CODE G_DRY G_DRY

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

DRY105 DRY60

Sample Drying, 105ºC, <3 kg Sample Drying, 60ºC, <3 kg

G_DRY_KG

DRY_XT_WT

Sample Drying, Excessively Wet Samples

CRUSHING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_CRU G_CRU

CRU6

Coarse crush 6 mm

CRU75

Crush <3 kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU75_WT

Crush >3 kg, per kg, 75% passing 2 mm

G_CRU

CRU90

Crush <3 kg, 90% passing 2 mm

G_CRU_KG

CRU90_WT

Crush >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 2 mm

G_PUL G_PUL

CRM

Continous Ring Mill Pulverize <3 kg, 90% passing 1 mm Continous Ring Mill Pulverize >3 kg, per kg, 90% passing 1 mm

CRM_KG

SCREENING CODE G_SCR_D G_SCR_D

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

SOIL_WT G_SCR_KG

Dry Screening to -80mesh (180µm), per kg

Dry Screening, various micron particle sizes, per kg

G_FAS G_FAS

SCR75 SCR106

Metallic/Screening Procedure 75 µm Metallic/Screening Procedure 106 µm

Sample preparation or sample reduction involves crushing, splitting, and pulverizing a sample to produce a representative sub-sample. Good practice is essential for reliable analytical data. SGS is committed to providing dedicated sample preparation procedures at each of our locations. This involves technologically advanced equipment and often, physically separated sample processing areas to accommodate sample type and concentration. To reduce contamination risks, SGS experts select appropriate equipment, monitor performance and wear as well as routinely insert known barren reference materials. The choice of crushing and pulverizing methods depends on the sample type and mineral of interest. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for the best options.

PULVERIZING CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL G_PUL

PUL85_CR

Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 250g

PUL85_CR1000 PUL85_CR3000 PUL90_CR250 PUL90_CR1000 PUL90_CR3000

Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 85% 75µm 3000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 250g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 1000g Pulv, Cr Steel, 90% 75µm 3000g

PUL85_ZR PUL85_W PUL85_A

Pulv, Zirconia bowl, 50-80g

Bowl selection

Pulv, Tungsten Carbide Bowl <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Mort & Pest <100g Pulv, Agate/Ceramic Ringmill <100g Disc Grind, 106µm 500g-1.5kg

BOWL TYPE

SAMPLE CAPACITY

MAIN CONTAMINANT

MINOR CONTAMINANT

PUL85_A_RING

Standard mild steel bowl

To 3 kg

Fe, Cr

Mo Mn

GRD106_A GRD106_B

Cr-free steel

500 g to 1.5 kg

Disc Grind, 106µm 1.5kg-3.5kg

Zicronia

100 g 150 g 100 g

Zr, Hf W, Co

AI Ta Si

PUL_R PUL_H

Ringmill Preparation, Carbon Sample(s) Hand Preparation, Carbon Sample(s)

Tungsten carbide

Agate

PUL_CON

Pulverization of Concentrates

Not all pulverizing bowl types are available at all locations, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

Samples can also be pulverized at customer specified grain sizes (i.e. 106 or 120 microns) and % passing requirements.

Miscellaneous procedures CODE

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_WSH G_WSH G_PRP G_RAD G_PRP G_PRP G_QRT

G_WSH_CRU G_WSH_PUL

Barren wash after crushing stage Barren wash after pulverizing stage

PRP_COM

Compositing samples

Radiation monitoring using scintillation counter

PRP_EN PRP_EN2

Radioactive preparation environment Asbestos preparation environment Sample quarantine and handling

Moisture and loss on ignition (LOI) Many materials contain volatile components and/or moisture. SGS has a variety of tests, including moisture (H2O), loss on ignition (LOI) (at various temperatures) and thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA), that provide reliable and quantitative analyses of these parameters. Specific gravity and bulk density Specific gravity (SG) is the density of a material relative to water or air and is expressed as a dimensionless number. It is normally measured by the gas pycnometer method on pulp samples and amounts to the average SG of the mineral particles making up the rock or ore. Bulk density is the average SG of the minerals comprising a rock plus the void space (from vugs, pores, etc.) and is measured by the water immersion method on fist sized rock samples or core. Samples are waxed if there is significant porosity. If the rock samples are competent waxing may not be necessary. Bulk density (BD) along with grade and volume is an extremely important parameter in calculating tonnages for Mineral Resource estimates or ore reserves, which are critical for economic evaluation of mineral deposits. Inadequate BD measurements are often at the root of errors in ore estimates with financial consequences for projects. Use high quality specific gravity, bulk density and grain size physical property data from SGS for robust Resource Estimate calculations and in developing mineral processing flow sheets.

Spotlight on SQUARE-ARROW-DOWN

SGS MyLab – geochemistry customer portal

Designed for the way you work SGS MyLab is fully mobile-ready and works on any browser — no app required. Whether you are on site or in the office, you can securely access your data and stay connected to your projects. Availability and roadmap SGS MyLab is currently available to geochemistry clients in Australia, with a phased rollout to additional countries planned for 2026. New features are already in development to further enhance functionality and user experience — stay tuned. Get started To request access, register through the portal or contact your local SGS Client Service team. Once activated, you will receive a welcome email to set your password and start using SGS MyLab.

SGS MyLab is our new secure online geochemistry customer portal, designed to give you real-time visibility and control over your samples, projects and analytical results — anytime, anywhere. Developed in close collaboration with customers, SGS MyLab reflects real operational workflows and practical needs. It will replace the existing QLab system and represents the next generation of digital access to SGS geochemistry services. What you can do with SGS MyLab Through a single, intuitive interface, you can: • Track job status in real time • Access results instantly and download certificates of analysis (CoAs) • Manage multiple projects centrally

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

G_PHY06V G_PHY08V G_PHY17V G_PHY18V

Specific gravity - pycnometer Specific gravity - volumetric

Bulk density - waxed

Bulk density - immersion, non-waxed

Particle size analysis SGS offers particle size analysis by wet screening, dry screening, a combination of both, or laser diffraction. Particle size analysis is used to determine the size classification of tills, sediments or ores or to produce sized fractions for additional analysis. Wet screening is preferable to dry screening for materials containing a high percentage of clays. Dry screen tests are best for free flowing samples with the particles separated (i.e. unagglomerated). Often wet and dry methods are combined. Wet screening is performed to remove excessive fines then dry screening is performed to remove the oversize. Laser diffraction is recommended for very fine grained samples, as it is capable of measuring particle sizes at very low limits (0.02 microns). It is suitable for use with both wet and dry samples.

• Share visibility across teams • Control user access securely

• Access built-in help guides when needed By reducing manual follow-ups and email exchanges, SGS MyLab helps you make faster, more informed decisions throughout your geochemistry projects.

ANALYTE CODE

DESCRIPTION

Discover a smarter way to manage your geochemistry data with SGS MyLab.

G_PHY15V G_PHY18V

Particle size, sieve analysis (dry or wet)

Particle size, laser diffraction

Exploration analysis

Aqua regia digestion Aqua regia is a combination of hydrochloric and nitric acids in a nominal 3:1 ratio. This is a weak digestion for geological samples that is appropriate for initial site exploration. Aqua regia will not break down silicate and other refractory minerals, providing partial results for most elements. ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both techniques can be used to measure these digests. For samples containing high levels of organic matter or sulphide minerals, a modified aqua regia method (GE_ICP22B20 and/or GE_IMS22B20) is recommended. Instrumentation ICP-OES and ICP-MS are accepted in the mineral exploration industry as rapid and cost- effective means of analysis, because they determine many elements at low detection limits and wide ranges. Other instruments that can be used for specific elements are AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) and Hydride AAS.

GE_ICP21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE Ag 2 - 100 ppm Hg

Sb Sc Sn

1 - 10,000 ppm

5 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 10 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

0.005 - 15%

Our global services provide a range of geochemical methods for finding and characterizing mineral deposits of every type. Discovering economically viable mineral deposits requires an expert understanding of the geochemical signatures and footprints of potential ore bodies. We lead the way in providing fit for purpose exploration geochemical analysis solutions that support exploration programs around the world. Utilizing a range of effective and proven methods, including our innovative Mobile Metal Ion (SGS MMI) technology, we can help you in the discovery of all categories of ore systems, including critical metals, industrial materials, base and precious metal deposits. We ensure that our solutions are tailored to your needs considering time, speed of analysis, cost and requirements of key stakeholders or disclosure legislation such as JORC, NI 43-101 and S-K 1300.

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2,500 ppm

0.5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm

Mg Mn Mo

0.001 - 15%

5 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm

1 - 10,000 ppm 10 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Ca 0.002 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm

0.005 - 15%

Zn 1- 10,000 ppm

1 - 10,000 ppm

0.003 - 15%

1 - 10,000 ppm

0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 15%

0.01 - 5%

Additional elements can be added upon request.

GE_IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / ICP-MS PACKAGE Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm Ga

Multi-element exploration ICP-OES and ICP-MS packages

Sc Sn Sr Th Ti TI U V W

0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 100 ppm

0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.2 - 1,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 10%

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 5 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm

0.01 - 10%

Sample digestion Sample digestion is one of the most important parameters to consider when choosing an analytical method. There are several types of digestion available, including:

0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Mg Mn Mo

0.01 - 15%

0.01 - 10%

0.01 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm

0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

Ca 0.01 - 15%

0.05 - 10,000 ppm

• Aqua regia digestion • Four acid digestion • Sodium peroxide fusion • Lithium metaborate fusion

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 10%

1 - 10,000 ppm

0.2- 10,000 ppm

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 1%

Pb Rb Sb

1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

1 - 10,000 ppm

Cu Fe

0.01 - 15%

Typically, reconnaissance exploration grade samples (including regional soil samples) are analyzed by aqua regia digestion followed by a multi-element scan for base metals, trace and lithological elements. Drill-core and rock samples are generally analyzed by four acid or fusion digestion, with a multi- element finish. Where metal contents are high, samples can require further testing by other methods to ensure data is precise and accurate enough for regulatory reporting. Refer to the Ore-Grade Analysis section in this guide.

GE_ICP21B20 & GE_IMS21B20 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE Ag 0.01 - 100 ppm Hg 0.01 - 100 ppm Sc

GE_ICP40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / ICP-OES PACKAGE Ag 2 - 100 ppm Fe

0.005 - 10%

0.1 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 1,000 ppm 0.2 - 1,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 10,000 ppm 0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 10% 0.01 - 15%

Se Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti TI U V W

Sb Sc Sn

0.005 - 15%

0.005 - 500 ppm

0.01 - 15%

5 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 10 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 2 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 100 ppm

0.005 - 15%

As 3 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.5 - 2500 ppm

0.5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm

0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 1,000 ppm

Mg Mn Mo

0.002 - 15%

0.01 - 10,000 ppm

5 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm

0.001 - 15%

Mg Mn Mo Na Nb

Ca 0.002 - 15%

0.001 - 15%

Ca 0.005 - 15% Cd 1 - 10,000 ppm Co 1 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm 10 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Cd 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.02 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm

0.005 - 15%

0.05 - 10,000 ppm

0.001 - 15 %

1 - 10,000 ppm

0.005 - 15%

0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

1 - 10,000 ppm

0.001 - 15%

Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge

1 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.2 - 10,000 ppm

Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm

1 - 10,000 ppm

Additional elements are available on request.

0.003 - 15%

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 100 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Pb Rb

0.01 - 15%

0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

GE_ICP40Q12 & GE_IMS40Q12 FOUR ACID DIGESTION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE Ag 0.02 - 100 ppm K 0.01 - 15% Sn

Yb Zn

0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 500 ppm

0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.01 - 10,000 ppm

0.01 - 5%

Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti TI U W

0.01 - 15%

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 1,000 ppm

0.05 - 10,000 ppm

As 1 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Be 0.05 - 2,500 ppm

GO_ICP21B100 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS / ICP-OES Ag 0.001 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

Mg Mn Mo Na Nb

0.002 - 15%

0.001 - 10% 0.001 - 10% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 10%

0.01 - 10,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm

As 0.01 - 10% Cd 0.001 - 10% Co 0.001 - 10%

0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 10% 0.001 - 10%

Ca 0.005 - 15%

0.05 - 10,000 ppm

0.001 - 15%

Mn Mo

Cd 0.02 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

0.005 - 15%

0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm 2 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

0.1 - 1,000 ppm

0.001 - 15%

Y V

Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Hf

1 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

0.5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

GE_HAS21B20 TWO ACID / AQUA REGIA DIGESTION / HYDRIDE AAS PACKAGE As 0.1 - 500 ppm Sb 0.1 - 500 ppm

0.1 - 500 ppm

Yb Zn

0.1 - 500 ppm

0.01 - 15%

0.005 - 5%

Sb Sc Se

0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.02 - 500 ppm 0.005 - 500 ppm

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Multi-acid digests Multi-acid (Four acid) digestion is a very effective dissolution procedure for a large number of mineral species and is suitable for a wide range of elements. Multi-acid digestion uses a combination of HNO3 (nitric acid), HF (hydrofluoric acid), HClO4 (perchloric acid) and HCl (hydrochloric acid). Because hydrofluoric acid dissolves silicate minerals, these digestions are often referred to as “near-total digestions”. Lower and upper limit can vary slightly among SGS laboratories because some laboratories may not have access to high purity reagents and consumables. Please contact your SGS customer service agent to receive the reporting limits you need. Refractory minerals such as oxides have limited solubility in multi-acid (Four acid) digestions. Often elements can precipitate or volatilize during digestion. These factors can compromise analytical results for Al, As, Ba, Cr, Hf, Mo, Mn, Nb, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Th, Ti, Ta, U, W, Zr and rare earth elements in some sample types.

1 - 1,000 ppm

GO_ICP42Q100 ACID DIGESTION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS / ICP-OES Ag 0.005 - 0.1% Cu 0.01 - 30%

0.001 - 10% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 10% 0.01 - 30%

0.1 - 30%

0.1 - 30% 0.01 - 10% 0.1 - 30% 0.001 - 10% 0.001 - 10%

As 0.01 - 10% Ca 0.1 - 30%

Mg Mn Mo

Cd Co

0.001 - 10% 0.001 - 10%

Additional elements are available on request.

Fusion packages Fusion analyses result in complete dissolution of samples and are referred to as ‘total analyses.’ Fusions are typically more aggressive than acid digestion methods and are suitable for many refractory minerals such as chromite, ilmenite, spinel, cassiterite, lithium containing species and minerals of the tantalum-tungsten solid solution series. Sodium peroxide fusion Sodium peroxide is a strongly oxidizing basic flux that renders refractory minerals soluble. Fused in a zirconium crucible digested in diluted nitric acid and the temperature is kept relatively low, allowing the measurement of elements that are volatilized at the higher temperatures of lithium borate fusions. Samples can be measured using ICP-OES, ICP-MS or combination of both. Some laboratories offer an alternate scheme using glassy carbon crucibles (GE_ICP91A50 and GE_IMS91A50) to include Zr, Ag and Hf. Alternative dissolution using hydrochloric acid (GE_ICP92A50 and GE_IMS92A50) is also available. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for the best approach for your samples.

Acid Cold Block Digestion Cold Block acid digestion is a new fast, “near total” acid digestion that uses a combination of HCl (hydrochloric), HNO3 (nitric) and HF (hydrofluoric) acid to digest the samples. A unique combination of strong IR heating and condensation techniques provides very efficient digestion for a wide range of minerals. The multi-element ICP-OES package offered with this scheme is especially suitable for samples where the levels of the base metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Pb, Zn) are expected to be above the classical 1% range offered with a traditional 4 acid digestion exploration method. Please contact your SGS customer service agent for the best approach for your samples.

GE_CBI33B50 THREE ACID DIGESTION ICP-OES PACKAGE Ag 2 - 100ppm K

Sb Sc Sn

0.1 - 15%

20 - 10,000ppm 0.5 - 10,000ppm 10 - 10,000ppm 2 - 10,000ppm

0.01 - 15%

3 - 10,000ppm 5 - 30,000ppm

As 10 - 10,000ppm Ba 5 - 10,000ppm

Mg Mn Mo

0.01 - 15%

0.5 - 10,000ppm 20 - 10,000ppm

5 - 10,000ppm 5 - 10,000ppm

0.01 - 15%

GE_ICP90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / ICP-OES PACKAGE AI 0.01 - 25% K 0.1 - 25%

V Y

2 - 10,000ppm 1 - 10,000ppm 5 - 30,000ppm 2 - 10,000ppm

5 - 50,000 ppm

Ca Cd Co Cu Fe

0.01 - 15%

0.05 - 15%

0.1 - 30%

As 30 - 10,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm

10 - 50,000 ppm 10 - 50,000 ppm

2 - 10,000ppm 2 - 10,000ppm 5 - 50,000ppm

5 - 50,000 ppm

50 - 50,000 ppm 10 - 5,000 ppm

0.001 - 15%

Mg Mn Mo

0.01 - 25%

10 - 20,000ppm

Ca 0.1 - 25%

10 - 100,000 ppm 10 - 50,000 ppm 10 - 100,000 ppm

0.01 - 25%

0.01 - 30%

S 0.01 - 15%

Cd 10 - 50,000 ppm Co 10 - 50,000 ppm

10 - 50,000 ppm 50 - 40,000 ppm 5 - 25,000 ppm 10 - 50,000 ppm

20 - 50,000 ppm

0.01 - 25%

Pb Sb

Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm

20 - 100,000 ppm 50 - 100,000 ppm

Fe 0.01 - 25%

Boron and Sulphur can be added on request.

GE_ICP90A50 & GE_IMS90A50 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION / COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS PACKAGE AI 0.01 - 25% Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Si 0.1 - 30% As 3 - 10,000 ppm In 0.2 - 1,000 ppm Sm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Ba 10 - 50,000 ppm K 0.1 - 25% Sn 10 - 10,000 ppm Be 5 - 25,000 ppm La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Sr 10 - 5,000 ppm Bi 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Li 10 - 50,000 ppm Ta 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Ca 0.1 - 25% Lu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Tb 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cd 0.2 - 10,000 ppm Mg 0.01 - 25% Te 1 - 1,000 ppm Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Mn 10 - 100,000 ppm Th 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Mo 2 - 10,000 ppm Ti 0.01 - 25% Cr 20 - 50,000 ppm Nb 2 - 10,000 ppm TI 0.5 - 1,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Nd 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Cu 10 - 50,000 ppm Ni 10 - 100,000 ppm U 2 - 10,000 ppm Dy 0.05 - 1,000 ppm P 0.01 - 25% V 10 - 50,000 ppm Er 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Pb 2 - 10,000 ppm W 5 - 10,000 ppm Eu 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Pr 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Y 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Fe 0.01 - 25% Rb 2 - 10,000 ppm Yb 0.1 - 1,000 ppm Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm Re 2 - 10,000 ppm Zn 10 - 50,000 ppm Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm Sb 1 - 10,000 ppm Ge 1 - 1,000 ppm Sc 5 - 50,000 ppm Ag, Hf & Zr are available under package GE_ICM91A50, please contact your SGS customer service agent for details.

GO_ICP90Q100 SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION FOR OVER RANGE ELEMENTS / ICP-OES As 0.01 - 20% Fe 0.05 - 50%

0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 20% 0.01 - 30%

Mg Mn Mo

Pb Sb Zn

0.01 - 10%

0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 30%

Co 0.01 - 30% Cu 0.01 - 30%

GO_HAS90Q100 PEROXIDE FUSION / HYBRIDE AAS PACKAGE As 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

Lithium metaborate fusion Lithium metaborate fusion is a high temperature procedure that dissolves rock forming minerals, trace minerals and refractory minerals. Lithium metaborate fusion solutions can be analyzed by ICP-OES, ICP-MS or a combination of both .

GE_IMS95A50 LITHIUM METABORATE FUSION / ICP-MS PACKAGE Ce 0.1 - 10,000 ppm La 0.1 - 10,000 ppm

Tb Th

0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm

Co 0.5 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.1 - 10,000 ppm Cu 5 - 10,000 ppm

0.05 - 1,000 ppm 2 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 10,000 ppm 5 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

Mo Nb Nd

Tm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

U V

0.05 - 10,000 ppm 5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 1,000 ppm 0.1 - 1,000 ppm 0.5 - 1,000 ppm

0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Ni Pr

Ga 1 - 1,000 ppm Gd 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Individual methods for exploration grade analysis

1 - 10,000 ppm

Ho 0.05 - 1,000 ppm

Sulphur and Carbon CODE

Lithium metaborate fusion whole rock ICP-OES package GO_ICP95A50 can be found on page 29 .

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

GE_CSA06V

S C

0.005 - 30% 0.005 - 30% 0.01 - 30%

IR combustion

0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.3

Leach/ICP-OES

1.0 0.2

GE_CSA07D GE_CSA08Q

SO 4

S 2-

≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.01% ≥ 0.05%

Leach/IR combustion

SO 4

GE_CSB02V GE_CSA03B

CO 2 (Carbonate)

Coulometry

0.02- 0.1

C (organic) C (inorganic) C (organic) C (inorganic) C (graphitic) C (graphitic)

0.01 - 40% 0.01 - 30%

Leach/IR combustion

0.25

GE_CSB03V

≥ 0.05% ≥ 0.01%

Coulometry

0.02 - 0.1

GE_CSA05V GE_CSB05V

0.05 - 50%

Leach/IR combustion

0.05

≥ 0.05%

Coulometry

0.1

Additional single elements CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

MIN. SAMPLE WT.(g)

GE_CVA37A25

0.005- 100 ppm 25 - 100,000 ppm

Cold vapour AAS

0.15

GE_ISE20V

Ion selective electrode/ Fusion

0.1

GE_ISE30V GO_CLA30V

Cl Cl

50 - 5,000 ppm

Ion selective electrode/ Fusion

0.2

25 - 20,000 ppm Titration 10 SGS offers a wide variety of specific element analyzes. Please contact your SGS customer service agent.

Biogeochemistry

Mobile metal ion – SGS MMI soil geochemistry

SGS is the owner and sole provider of SGS MMI Technology. We have over 20 years of experience with this technology, and we are the market leaders in providing a weak extraction of the mobile form of the ions residing in near surface soils. SGS MMI is a world-renowned exploration tool repeatedly proven to find buried mineral deposits. SGS MMI Technology is an innovative analytical process that uses a unique analysis of metals in soils and weathered materials. Target elements are extracted using weak solutions of organic and inorganic compounds rather than conventional aggressive acid-based digests. SGS MMI solutions contain strong ligands, which detach and hold the metal ions that were loosely bound to soil particles by weak atomic forces. The extraction does not dissolve the bound forms of metal ions. Thus, metal ions in MMI solutions are the chemically active or ‘mobile’ component of the sample. Because these mobile, loosely bound complexes are in very low concentrations, elemental determinations are made by conventional or cell-based ICP-MS. There are many benefits to using SGS MMI Technology for soil geochemistry, including:

SGS has considerable experience in the preparation and analysis of a wide range of vegetation samples. Such samples may be dried and macerated or ashed prior to acid digestion and analysis by ICP-OES (GE_ICP23D50) and ICP-MS (GE_IMS23D50).

GE_ICP23D50 AI

12 - 150,000 ppm

7 - 250,000 ppm 0.2 - 50,000 ppm

42 - 410,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 150,000 ppm 20 - 10,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm

B 10 - 10,000 ppm Ba 1 - 10,000 ppm Ca 30 - 150,000 ppm

Mg 9 - 150,000 ppm

2 - 10,000 ppm 12 - 150,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 18 - 250,000 ppm

10 - 10,000 ppm

Cu 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

7 - 150,000 ppm

GE_IMS23D50 Ag 0.01 - 10 ppm As 10 - 10,000 ppm Au 0.005 - 5 ppm

• Few false anomalies • Focused anomalies • Minimal nugget effects

0.002 - 500 ppm 0.005 - 500 ppm 0.002 - 500 ppm 0.01 - 10,000 ppm 0.002 - 10,000 ppm 0.05 - 10,000 ppm 0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.5 - 10,000 ppm

5 - 1,000 ppm

Sm 0.005 - 1,000 ppm

Sn Ta Tb Te Th

0.4 - 1,000 ppm 0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.002 - 10,000 ppm

La Lu

0.005 - 10,000 ppm

Cd 0.03 - 10,000 ppm Ce 0.01 - 1,000 ppm Co 0.01 - 10,000 ppm Cs 0.005 - 1,000 ppm

MMI sample collection Sample collection is the critical part of a soil geochemistry program. The SGS MMI Technology has specific sampling protocols based on years of experience and research. In the absence of an orientation survey, samples must be taken at a constant depth (10-25 cm) below the organic-inorganic soil interface. There is no sample preparation or drying. The analysis is performed on a 50g sample and the extracted solution is analyzed via ICP-MS. For detailed instructions, please contact your SGS customer service agent.

Mo Nd

0.1 - 1,00 ppm

0.002 - 10,000 ppm 0.002 - 1,000 ppm

Pb Pd

Tm 0.002 - 1,000 ppm

0.005 - 1,000 ppm 0.005 - 1,000 ppm 0.002 - 1,000 ppm 1 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 1,000 ppm

0.01 - 500 ppm

Pr Pt

0.005 - 1,000 ppm 0.005 - 350 ppm 0.2 - 10,000 ppm 0.001 - 500 ppm 0.04 - 10,000 ppm

0.001 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 10,000 ppm 0.01 - 10,000 ppm 0.002 - 100 ppm

Eu Ga Gd

Rb Rh Sb Sc

0.5 - 500 ppm

GE_MMIM MOBILE METAL ION STANDARD PACKAGE / ICP-MS Ag ≥ 0.5 ppb Gd ≥ 0.5 ppb

0.02 - 10,000 ppm 0.3 - 10,000 ppm Vegetation sample preparation: Dry and macerate sample (G_DRY_KG, VEG10_WT)) or ash at 475 o C (G_PRP, PRP_ASH).

Sb Sc

≥ 0.5 ppb

≥ 1 ppm ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppb ≥ 2 ppm

≥ 1 ppb

Sm ≥ 1 ppb

As Au Ba

≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppm

Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti TI U W

≥ 1 ppb ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 1 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppb ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppb

≥ 1 ppb ≥ 1 ppb

Mg Mn Mo Nb Nd

Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy

≥ 0.5 ppm ≥ 100 ppb

≥ 1 ppb ≥ 2 ppb ≥ 1 ppb

≥ 2 ppb

≥ 0.5 ppb

≥ 100 ppb ≥ 0.2 ppb ≥ 10 ppb ≥ 0.5 ppb ≥ 0.2 ppb ≥ 0.2 ppb ≥ 1 ppm ≥ 0.5 ppb

≥ 1 ppb ≥ 5 ppb

≥ 0.1 ppm

Pb Pd

≥ 5 ppb ≥ 1 ppb

≥ 1 ppb

Yb Zn

≥ 0.2 ppb ≥ 10 ppb

Eu Fe Ga

Pr Pt

≥ 0.5 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb

≥ 2 ppb

≥ 1 ppb Lower detection limit for Cr ( ≥ 1ppb) and addition of V ( ≥ 1ppb) are available under scheme code GE_MMIME. Additional elements such as S, B, Br, I, and Pb isotopes can also be measured upon request.

Hydrogeochemistry

The analyzes offered in this section are suitable for groundwater samples used in mineral exploration, but NOT for salt water, brines, effluent solutions and metal-carrying solutions generated in processing circuits or environmental applications. Requests for environmental services will be forwarded to an SGS Environmental Services Laboratory.

GE_ICP8OT GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-OES PACKAGE Ag ≥ 0.001 ppm Fe ≥ 0.05 ppm

Sb Sc Sn

≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.001 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.001 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.005 ppm ≥ 0.005 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm

≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.03 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.005 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.005 ppm

≥ 0.1 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.005 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.01 ppm ≥ 0.05 ppm ≥ 0.03 ppm

As Ba Be

Mg Mn Mo

Ca Cd Co

B, S and Si can be added upon request.

GE_IMS8OT GROUND WATER ANALYSIS / ICP-MS PACKAGE Ag ≥ 0.01 ppb Hg ≥ 0.2 ppb

Lithogeochemistry

Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb

As Ba Be

≥ 1 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.05 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb

Lithogeochemical analysis is used for basic rock characterisation based on major, minor and, trace element chemistry. It requires whole rock analytical methods to ensure that refractory minerals such as zircon and chromite are fully dissolved. Lithogeochemical analysis may be used in exploration programs for identification of different rock types that might occur in drill core or at outcrop, particularly when primary lithologies are obscured by subsequent alteration or metamorphic events. Lithogeochemical analysis is also used by geological surveys undertaking geological mapping projects, by researchers studying geological, geochemical and petrological processes and by oil companies requiring complete rock characterization for calibrating core responses to borehole sensors.

La Lu

Mn Mo Nb Nd

Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy

≥ 1 ppb

Tm ≥ 0.01 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb

U V

≥ 1 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.1 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb

≥ 1 ppb

≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb ≥ 0.01 ppb

Rb Sb Sc Se

Yb Zn

Eu Ga Gd

≥ 1 ppb

≥ 0.1 ppb

GO_ICP95A50 LITHIUM METABORATE FUSION / ICP-OES (LITHOLOGIC) PACKAGE AI 2 O 3 0.01 - 75% MgO 0.01 - 30%

≥ 1 ppb

TiO 2 V 2 O 5

0.01 - 25% 0.01 - 10%

≥ 0.01 ppb

MnO Na 2 O P 2 O 5 SiO 2

CaO 0.01 - 60%

0.01 - 10% 0.01 - 30% 0.01 - 25% 0.01 - 90%

Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir can be added upon request.

Cr 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3

0.01 - 10% 0.01 - 75%

*LOI -10 - 100%

Additional ground water analysis CODE

K 2 O 0.01 - 25%

ELEMENT

DESCRIPTION

This is the ICP recommended package for Whole Rock Analysis. Ba, Nb, Sc, Sr, Y, Zn and Zr can be added upon request. *G_PHY01V or G_PHY02V

G_PHY14V GC_ISE10T GE_ISE21T GE_ISE30T

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Gravimetric

Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE) Ion selective electrode (ISE)

Fluoride F _ Chloride Cl _

Sulphur and carbon CODE

ELEMENT

LIMIT(S)

DESCRIPTION

GO_CSA06V

S C

0.01- 75% 0.01- 75%

IR combustion

Carbon and sulphur can be speciated using a variety of methods.

Page 1 Page 2-3 Page 4-5 Page 6-7 Page 8-9 Page 10-11 Page 12-13 Page 14-15 Page 16-17 Page 18-19 Page 20-21 Page 22-23 Page 24-25 Page 26-27 Page 28-29 Page 30-31 Page 32-33 Page 34-35 Page 36-37 Page 38-39 Page 40-41 Page 42-43 Page 44-45 Page 46-47 Page 48-49 Page 50-51 Page 52-53 Page 54

sgs.com

Made with FlippingBook Annual report maker