1. HEATING BEGINS
2. DRYING/DEHYDRATION
3. PYROLYSIS
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
Volatiles Volatiles
Water vapour Water vapour
20 0C 20 0C
20 0C 20 0C
0 C 0 C
20 0 C 20 0 C
200 0 C 200 0 C
100 0 C 100 0 C
20 20
4. IGNITION
2. CHAR FORMATION
6. STEADY BURNING PHA S E
Volatiles mix with air and flammable mixture ignite Volatiles mix with air and flammable mixture ignite
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
HEAT FLUX HEAT FLUX
Char layer develops Char layer develops
Char oxidation Char oxidation
Heat flux from flames to the wood surface Heat flux from flames to the wood surface
Heat flux from flames to the wood surface Heat flux from flames to the wood surface
Heat flux from flames to the wood surface Heat flux from flames to the wood surface
Ash Ash
20 0 C 20 0 C
0 0
20 0 C 20 0 C
500 0 C 500 0 C
20 0 C 20 0 C
600 600
C C
300 0 C 300 0 C
300 0 C 300 0 C
300 0 C 300 0 C
Figure: The stages of timber burning
F I R E
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