China
8.2 Roles, functions, and powers of authorities 8.2.1. CAC The CAC leads overall coordination of personal data protection, formulates policies, issues guidelines, enforces compliance, conducts inspections, and oversees cross- border data transfer security assessments. It has broad enforcement powers, including investigations, ordering corrective actions, imposing penalties, and maintaining blacklists. 8.1.2. MPS The MPS focuses on cybersecurity and public safety, investigating and punishing data-related crimes such as data theft and unauthorized data trading. It supervises critical information infrastructure and national security, conducting criminal investigations and coordinating joint regulatory actions. 8.2.3. MIIT The MIIT regulates telecommunications and internet sectors, ensuring lawful personal data handling by network operators and digital service providers. It issues industry regulations, conducts inspections, orders rectifications, and enforces penalties related to data protection.
8.2.4. SAMR The State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) is responsible for personal information protection in the areas of consumer rights and market order. Under laws such as the CSL, E-commerce Law, and Consumer Protection Law, market regulators are authorized to investigate and address personal data violations. SAMR primarily carries out enforcement through its affiliated bodies, such as the China Cybersecurity Review Technology and Certification Center (CCRC). 8.3. Roles, function,s and powers of civil/criminal courts in the field of Civil courts handle disputes over personal data misuse, enforcing rights under the PIPL and Civil Code. They can order compensation, injunctions against unlawful processing, and hear public interest litigation. 8.3.2. Criminal Courts Criminal courts prosecute offenses such as illegal buying or selling of personal data, cybercrimes, and serious violations of data rights. Penalties include imprisonment, fines, and confiscation of illegal gains. data regulation 8.3.1. Civil Courts
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