Designing with iontronic logic gates - from a single polyelectrolyte diode to an integrated ionic circuit Barak Sabbagh 1 , Noa Edri Fraiman 2 , Alex Fish 2 , Gilad Yossifon 1,3 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Israel 2 Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Israel 3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel The work presents the implementation of on-chip iontronic circuits via small-scale integration of multiple ionic logic gates made of bipolar polyelectrolyte diodes 1 . These ionic circuits are analogous to solid-state electronic circuits, with ions as the charge carriers instead of electrons/holes. Nevertheless, there are fundamental differences between fluidic and solid-state devices in that ion transport is much more complicated. Its complexity stems from electrochemical electron-ion exchanges, the significantly lower mobility of ions compared to electrons, the variety of ionic species, the lack of ionic charge recombination, and fluid flow effects 2-3 . On the one hand, based on these unique properties, a rich variety of applications can be realized using ionic diodes, e.g., separation, gating, and sensing of ions4-6. On the other hand, all the mentioned differences are expected to have a major impact on the ability to realize complex iontronic circuits that include multiple stages of operations. Whereas the mechanism underlying the operation of a single diode has been studied extensively 4-9 , we focused on its ability to construct different circuit architectures for in-chip computation. For that purpose, we experimentally characterize the responses of a single fluidic diode made of a junction of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (i.e., anion and cation exchange membranes). This served to carry out pre-designed logical computations in various architectures by integrating multiple diode-based logic gates, where the electrical signal between the integrated gates was transmitted entirely through ions. The findings shed light on the limitations affecting the number of logic gates that can be integrated, the degradation of the electrical signal, their transient response, and the design rules that can improve the electrical performance of iontronic circuits. Furthermore, the unique advantage of various charge carriers in the ionic environment of these circuits (in contrary to only electrons/holes in solid-state components) was exploited to perform logic operations on the molecule transport on top of the electrical response. References
1. Sabbagh, Barak; et al. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2023 (Accepted). 2. Chun, H.; Chung, T. D. Iontronics. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2015, 8, 441–462. 3. Chang, H.-C.; Yossifon, G.; Demekhin, E. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2012, 44, 401–426. 4. Vlassiouk, I.; Kozel, T. R.; Siwy, Z. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (23), 8211–8220. 5. Huang, X.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28 (49). 6. Riza Putra, B.; et al. Electroanalysis 2021, 33 (6), 1398–1418. 7. Cayre, O. J.; Suk, T. C.; Velev, O. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129 (35), 10801–10806. 8. Han, J. H.; et al. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 2009, 48 (21), 3830–3833. 9. Han, J. H.; et al. Small 2011, 7 (18), 2629–2639.
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