ArborTIMES™ Spring 2026

ArborTIMES™ is a digital publication for the tree care industry that delivers tree care business, safety, and equipment news.

Issue 15 | Spring 2026 arbortimes.org

Tree Care Business, Safety, and Equipment News

THE SEVEN MOST DIFFICULT TREE SPECIES TO MANAGE ACCORDING TO TREE CARE EXPERTS

TREE CARE IN TIGHT SPACES WITHOUT CUTTING CORNERS

LEARNING THE ROPES A BIRD’S EYE VIEW ON CLIMBING SYSTEMS IN ARBORICULTURE

HIDDEN HAZARDS IN THE CANOPY PREVENTING ANIMAL BITE RISKS IN TREE CARE

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EDITOR'S NOTE

Since grade school, we were all taught a few basic skills to make ourselves appear more professional — a firm handshake, sincere smile, and confident stance, just to name a few. Along the way, we’ve learned that showing up on time and demonstrating a genuine in- terest wins us the job, the client, or the bid. It all seems pretty straight-forward. But as any supervisor will tell you, common sense isn’t quite so common these days. Making Common Sense More Common

On the cover: A PHC technician utilizes the Q-Connect tree injection system to deliver treatment to the tree. Source: Rainbow Ecoscience

ISSUE 15, SPRING 2026

Amy Kent, Editor

I’ve recently taken to listening to a variety of arborist podcasts while I’m answering emails or cleaning the chicken coop. One of them recently men- tioned that how professionalism doesn’t always look the same across the whole crew. Things like keeping the truck clean or tucking away the personal phone may be obvi- ous tasks for some employees but very well could be lost on others.

PUBLISHER Sachin Mohan: mohan@arbortimes.org EDITOR Amy Kent: editor@arbortimes.org ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mara Watts: mara@arbortimes.org ART/TECH DIRECTOR Richard May: info@arbortimes.org STAFF ARBORIST Tchukki Andersen, BCMA, CTSP: tandersen@arbortimes.org SAFETY AND TRAINING ADVISORS Jared Abrojena Bob Lehman Korey Conry Aaron Dickinson Robert Phillips SENIOR ADVISORS Dane Buell Mark Garvin PRODUCED BY EDGE AHEAD ASSOCIATES For editorial and advertising inquiries: 1 Store Hill Rd, PO BOX # 334 Old Westbury, NY 11568 Tel. (516) 399-2627 Email: mohan@arbortimes.org Web: arbortimes.org No part of this publication may be reproduced without written consent of the publisher. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the publisher cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions that may occur. All uncredited photography is either supplied or sourced from a stock image bank or is public domain.

At its core, “common sense” professionalism speaks to how we show up to a site — bright-eyed, bushy- tailed, and ready to get the work done. If the job is complete, should the optics truly matter? To the tree, a few wrappers on the dashboard of a company vehicle won’t affect how well you prune or the type of treatment you choose. To the customer, howev- er, that can be the difference between booking with your company again or searching elsewhere for someone with a cleaner appeal.

It’s worth mentioning that newer generations entering the workforce may not have the same face-to-face exposure that more experienced workers had when getting their feet wet. Much of the client relations side of business can be done behind a desk, and while that means better efficiency, it also means less personalization and connection to the job and the client. These kind of changes to the industry and workforce in general may contribute to the difference in “common sense skills.” Most 18 to 20-some-year-olds can probably whip up an Excel spreadsheet or set up a Teams meeting without much thought — a task not always painless for folks from the time of pagers and PDAs. This isn’t to say common sense is a lost art. Rather, it needs to evolve with the rest of the changes we observe as new technology, challenges, and markets arise. That begins with learning what comes naturally to all members of your crew. Explain the “why” so that it connects and resonates with them. As the busy season continues to gain traction, it’s easy for small mistakes to com- pound. One of the best ways to avoid them is to prevent them with a bit of understand- ing. Whether it’s turning chainsaws on their sides, or greeting the customer before starting on the canopy, make sure the common sense makes sense to everyone.

TO SUBSCRIBE email: info@arbortimes.org or subscribe online: arbortimes.org/subscribe

Stay grounded, Amy Kent

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 3

Table of Contents

ISSUE 15, SPRING 2026

ArborTIMES™ is a fully digital publication for the tree care industry. It is produced by Edge Ahead Associates, creator of ArborEXPO™, the industry’s first indoor/outdoor tradeshow and conference for arborists and green industry professionals. We’re connecting with experts, business owners, master trainers, and more to identify top stories and educational opportunities to deliver right to your inbox on a quarterly basis.

THE SEVEN MOST DIFFICULT TREE SPECIES TO MANAGE By Ben Culbreth While every tree has its unique challenges, there are some species that are simply more difficult to work with than others. Structure, origin, climate, and susceptibility to pests or diseases are just a few of the factors that have placed these species on the list of most challenging.

TREE CARE IN TIGHT SPACES By Jenny Cohen

Space is a luxury in tree care — and one you aren’t always afforded. Jobs that have little maneuverability oen require creative solutions, both in technique and equipment. Learn how to prune, cut, and treat trees without damaging nearby structures using special attachments and tactics as recommended by industry experts.

EDITOR’S NOTE 3 Common sense is easy to preach but can be difficult to teach. When your crew consists of a variety of demographics, what comes naturally to some may not be typical practice to others.

PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT

Check out the latest products and services offered by the best brands in the tree care industry.

Gene Bridges Memorial Scholarship Fund ..... 48 Hummerbee ............................................ 28 Leguan Lifts............................................. 69 Northern Atlantic Financial ..........................74 Quest Products LLC.................................... 14 Rainbow Ecoscience.................................. 63 RBG Inc................................................... 23 Sennebogen .............................................37 Tracked Lifts .............................................. 2

ArborTIMES™ ........................................... 38 Ballard Truck Center .................................. 20 Bandit...................................................... 21 BIK Boom Trucks .......................................51 CMC North America ...................................15 Custom Truck One Source ...........................22 Doggett ....................................................9 EZ-Ject .....................................................11 Edge Ahead Associates ..............................31

Advertiser Index

Almstead .................................................61 Arbor AWARDS™....................................... 53 Altec .......................................................47 Arbornote.................................................67 ArborSystems ...........................................57

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SAGE ADVICE By Cindy O’Hara A third-generation arborist with over 50 years of experience, Robert Phillips reflects on his greatest achievements in the industry, from awards to equipment innovations to becoming a mentor and event speaker. SAVING THE OAKS By Alexis Faible | Rainbow Ecoscience As an essential part of North American ecosys- tems, the vitality of the mighty oaks cannot be overstated for tree care experts. However, the oak death spiral continues to put pressure on the species survival. FROM THE GROUND UP: WHEN THE WOODLOT GOES QUIET By Tchukki Andersen, BCMA, CTSP Chronic stressors, such as wind, ice storms, and fluctuating water tables rarely kill trees outright. Instead, they weaken them slowly, opening the door for something else to finish the job — red pine scale. HIDDEN HAZARDS IN THE CANOPY By Mara Watts Sometimes, dangers can pop out of a hollow of a tree or a nest in the brush, leav- ing you with a nasty bite. Animals are common sight- ings for arborists, and while they usually keep their distance, close encounters require immediate care.

AN EXPO FOR THE AGES By ArborTIMES™ As ArborEXPO™ contin- ues to grow, so too does its impact on the industry. Check out the highlights and stats from this year’s event, including the second annual Arbor Awards™ and ArborSPORTS™. LEARNING THE ROPES By TJ Yurko, ISA Certified Arborist ® (PR-5403A), ISA TRAQ, CLH As the world of climbing continues to advance within the industry, arbor- ists can choose from an ever-increasing number of options for safe and efficient access to the tree canopy.

NEW COLUMN!

HOW SPECIFICATIONS ENABLE TREE CARE ESTIMATING AND

MANAGEMENT By Katie Gustafson

The ANSI A300 is ingrained as a standard and resource for the industry, but it’s more than just a bunch of jargon — it's a way to ensure that your team and your client are all on the same page. WE WOULD LOVE TO HEAR FROM YOU Got a story idea you’d like to see? Send your ideas to editor@arbortimes.org . Do you have photos of your crew in action? Send them to info@arbortimes.org. Proper techniques and PPE — hard hats, eye and hearing protection, and fall protection — are a must for photos depicting field work.

• The Rise of Hybrid Equipment • Making Your Team Bilingual • Preventing Trench Foot And more! OUR SUMMER ISSUE COMING IN JULY

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 5

Bradford pear trees are prized for their spring display, but their rapid growth and weak structure often create ongoing management concerns.

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The Seven Most Difficult Tree Species to Manage According to Tree Care Experts By Ben Culbreth Across the industry, tree care professionals tend to agree that a handful of species rise above the rest in terms of difficulty. 1 Not all trees are equal — at least not when it comes to managing them. Some species demand far more time, attention, and expertise than others, and many arborists develop strong opinions about which ones push their skills to the limit. A tree may be aestheti- cally impressive or ecologically valuable, but from the standpoint of maintenance, risk mitigation, and long- term health, certain species consistently prove more difficult to work with. Of course, it mostly depends on how the tree interacts with its surrounding environment. Some trees exhibit erratic or aggressive growth patterns that bring them too close to structures, utilities, or pedestrian areas. Others have expansive, shallow, or adventitious root systems capable of heaving sidewalks, invading foun- dations, or disrupting landscaping. Many species also come with biological vulnerabili- ties — susceptibility to invasive insects, fungal patho- gens, drought stress, or storm damage — that require frequent monitoring and intervention. Even seeming- ly routine tasks, such as pruning or cabling, become more complex when a species is known for brittle wood, rapid decay, or awkward branch architecture.

Across the industry, tree care professionals tend to agree that a handful of species rise above the rest in terms of difficulty. Whether due to structural issues, site conflicts, or persistent health challenges, these seven trees are widely regarded as some of the most troublesome to manage. Here is why they earn that reputation. 1. BRADFORD PEAR If there’s one species just about everyone in the tree care industry has on their problematic list, Bradford pear is it. An invasive species, Bradford pears are known for their uniform, pyramidal to oval crown when young. It’s a popular tree, seen in streetscapes and yards around the country. But it has its challenges (besides the odor when it blooms). They are oen praised for their symmetrical appear- ance in landscapes, but this symmetry is short-lived. As the tree matures, the narrow branch angles and dense branching create significant structural weak- nesses that lead to frequent splitting.

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 7

oen among those that can and will “self-destruct” if not cared for. 2. ZELKOVA A close relative of the elm, the Japanese zelkova ( Zelkova serrata ), is oen used as an ornamental street tree . In its youth, these trees have smooth, gray bark, but as they mature, they shed this outer layer to reveal reddish-orange layers underneath. Unlike the Bradford pear, zelkovas have a much stronger branch structure and maintain sturdy branch unions. Instead, the problem for this species lies with its root system. “Encircling or gir- dling roots is a prob- lem with that species [zelkova] in particu- lar,” Buell explained. l [z lar When roots encircle the base of a tree, they strangle the trunk and can compromise nutrient transport from the roots. According to Buell, this type of root formation can also create structural vulnerabilities, such as significant leaning or swelling, and ultimately suffer a slow decline in health . Removal of encircling roots is oen tricky, and if not done correct- Unlike the Br have a m struct stur In f When base of a t trunk and can

Bradford pear trees are on the problem list for nearly every arborist. Its weak structure and destructive root system are the main culprits of its challenges. k .

roughly 15 percent, including “live, rubbing, and interfering branch- es, as well as dead branches 1” and larger.” Buell noted that some trees are just temporary, and Bradford pears are i l di

“Bradford pear is super weak,” Bill Bur- ley, CEO of Heli-Ax, said. Burley explained that Bradford pear has a characteristic shared by many problem trees: aggressive growth. He said it leads to brittle trees, which have an increased risk of failing, something the Bradford pear is well known for. In fact, it’s quite common that these trees begin to split under the weight of their own growth aer a couple decades, ac- cording to Theresa Culley, professor of biological sciences at the University of Cincinnati . Not surprisingly, with such fragile structure, Bradford pears require care- ful and close maintenance. “They can fail if they’re not managed,” Dane Buell, an arborist with 40 years of experience in the field, explained. Pruning has to be persistent so that the branches don’t become too heavy and begin to snap. Bartlett Tree Services recommends thinning the canopies

Left: Japanese zelkova tree. Right: When their roots encircle the base of a tree, they strangle the trunk and can compromise nutrient transport from the roots.

8 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

ly can damage the stem and lead to a quicker death for the tree. As an ornamental tree, zelkovas will also tend to have a smaller work area — through no fault of their own. But having sidewalks and other structures nearby can make it harder to make the right incisions on the tree’s roots. 3. SILVER MAPLE Acer saccharinum goes by many com- mon names, but one of the most famil- iar is the silver maple. True to its name, the silver maple is surely an eye-catch- er. With even the slightest breeze, the silvery undersides of the leaves shim- mer and glisten in the light. Beautiful as they are, though, these trees are of- ten plagued by decay and fungal issues. “Some species, like silver maple, are not good at managing fungi,” Buell shared. “When the pathogens infect the tree, the tree doesn’t have a lot of natural mechanisms to manage it.”

With their softer wood structure, silver maples are easily invaded by decay fungi such as Eutypella canker. They also frequently develop foliar diseases like anthracnose, tar spot, and leaf blister.

Because of its so wood, silver ma- ples are especially vulnerable to wood-rotting fungi like Eutypella cankers ( Eutypella parasitica ). Other common fungal conditions include anthracnose, tar spots, and leaf blis- ter fungus. However, the most dev-

astating disease for silver maples is verticillium wilt which can cause sudden death for the tree. Treatment becomes an ongoing issue and options are a bit limited. Large cuts open pathways for the fungi to follow.

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from the emerald ash borer (EAB), a wood-boring insect native to Asia. Ac- cording to Buell, species like the ash tree are oen facing threats from sourc- es they were never intended to fight. “Most species of trees that are being impacted by an insect problem are dealing with something that was im- ported,” Buell explained. “It’s oen that the tree is being exposed to something it never evolved to deal with.” In this case, an ash tree can be killed very quickly once infested with the EAB, commonly dying within four years of infection. From Brewer’s per- spective, the ash tree’s battle against this pest highlights just how signifi- cant of a threat invasive species are to our trees. “Most of the problems with tree man- agement now are related to invasive species,” Brewer noted. Still, as difficult as these pests are to remove, Brewer stated that it is an easi- er problem to address than disease and rot. Generally, insects take longer to cause significant damage than diseases and fungi, and preventative treatments

Beautiful as they are, silver maples are often plagued by decay and fungal issues which leave them succeptible to storm damage.

Of course, the ash tree wouldn’t have made it onto this list without its chal- lenges. However, its place among the most difficult species is largely through no fault of its own. It’s a prime example of what can happen when a native spe- cies is exposed to invasive insects. For the past two decades , the ash tree has suffered widespread destruction

So, the tree is either removed entirely or pruned to reduce its size. Silver maple falls into a broader catego- ry of so-wooded deciduous trees that are oen fast growing and prone to rot issues, according to Kevin Brewer, technical anager for the Northeast at ArborJet . Not surprisingly, this catego- ry also includes the ever-famous Brad- ford pear — this alone demonstrates just how difficult it is to treat these trees. 4. ASH TREE Ash trees ( Fraxinus species )

pecies ub- -

include a variety of sub- species that have pop- ulated the backyards and woodlands of the U.S., including green ash ( Fraxinus penn- sylvanica ), white ash ( F. americana ), black ash ( F. nigra ), and blue ash ( F. quadrangu- lata ). Ash trees are quite common in suburbia, and like u- uite and like

zelkovas, are common choices for street trees . Its leaves are largely re- sponsible for the myriad colors we see during the fall, turning yellow, orange, or a reddish-purple once the cool air rolls in.

The ash tree is a difficult species through no fault of its own. The invasive Emerald Ash Borer has decimated ash trees in the US, killing them quickly.

10 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

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Aleppo pines rarely grow straight, according to Bill Burley. They chase the sun, causing them to bend and become weighted which risks fall damage should they come down.

grows too large for its own good to the damage and detriment of the surround- ing ecosystem. “These are a problem,” Burley explained. “They’re not meant to be that big.” According to the NYBG Plant Informa- tion Service , Norfolk Island pines can be planted outside in USDA Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (the warmest parts of the country), but that doesn’t mean that they should be. Just because an in- door plant grows outside doesn’t mean it has the same hardiness as those that grew from the ground, themselves. “For us as climbers to get up and work on them, they’re a problem because they can’t support us,” Burley shared. Unfortunately, Burley explained that reducing the size doesn’t work well for the tree, so the only management solu- tion becomes removal. Norfolk Island pine is indicative of a systemic issue the industry sees oen: While meant to be an indoor tree, many Norfolk Island pines are planted outside, nearly reaching of 60 feet and causing problems for homeowners and arborists.

light more than most conifers. They very rarely grow straight up.” More established and mature trees tend to grow roots as deep as six to 10 feet. However, with how rapidly the trunk grows, the root system is oen much too shallow by the time it devel- ops a lean. For these trees, it takes only one bad storm or night of high winds for it to become a hazard to surround- ing homes and structures. 6. NORFOLK ISLAND PINE Norfolk Island pines ( Araucaria het- erophylla ) are the goldfish of the tree world. Meant to be an indoor plant, these trees thrive well with the right homeowner and appropriate pot size, growing only 10 feet in size. However, just as when well-meaning pet parents release Goldy into natural waterways, homeowners transfer their Norfolk Island pine tree outside to grow and flourish where they can reach heights of 60 feet.

5 6 can keep pests at bay — which is pre- cisely why ash trees are placed lower than their ornamental neighbors. 5. ALEPPO PINE Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) are popular with many homeowners. Na- tive to the Mediterranean region, these trees are adapted to abundant sunlight and extended periods without rain. They grow quickly, reaching over 65 feet in their maturity and offer lots of shade. But what makes them a com- mon choice for backyards can also be their undoing. According to Burley, the Aleppo pine doesn’t just thrive in sunlight — it chas- es sunlight, bending towards an unob- structed area where it can receive the most direct source. Paired with their accelerated growth rate, these pines tend to develop a severe lean and be- come a structural nightmare.

“The problem with the Aleppo pine is they become very weighted,” Burley explained. “They’re chasing the sun-

The result is a non-native species that

12 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

poorly planned tree plantings that end up needing complicated tree care. “Tree work is an aerthought,” Burley said, regarding Norfolk Island pines. “There is little proactivity from the homeowner side.” 7. EASTERN WHITE PINE The final contender for most difficult trees to manage is perhaps the most common: Eastern white pines ( Pinus strobus ). Unlike other challenging spe- cies on this list, it’s a functional conifer native to the U.S. These characteristics would typically make it relatively easy to care for if it weren’t for one issue: “White pines are in decline due to cli- mate change,” Brewer said. It isn’t the rising temperatures that are directly affecting this species though. Rather, the culprit is the balmy condi- tions that follow. “The constant humidity is causing na- tive fungi to grow exponentially.” One such fungus is needle cast which causes the needles of pines, firs, and spruces to brown and drop premature- ly. This fungus thrives in warm, wet conditions, particularly in the summer and fall when temperatures reach 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Infected trees will experience needle drop beginning in

Constant humidity due to climate change is causing native fungi to grow exponentially on the eastern white pine.

the lower branches before the fungus works its way to the top. Once the nee- dles die, it isn’t long before the branch- es follow. Treatment for these pines isn’t brief. As Brewer explained, needle cast fun- gi require consistent treatment — up to three or four sprays each spring — in- definitely. This level of care then raises questions around the sustainability and ethics

of tree care. As the treatment for this fungus may take several seasons, this gives time for the surviving spores to spread to new trees during wet weather and continue the decline of the forest. “There’s no permanent solution for it,” Brewer said. “It’s not only can you do it, but is it ethical?” EVERY TREE IS HAZARDOUS While these specific species are partic-

Honorable Mentions

While these species didn’t make the list, they still pose their own challenges and should be carefully monitored. Eucalyptus — Common along the West Coast, eucalyptus grows rapidly and can reach impressive heights. In residential settings, their size, brittle wood, and heavy limb drop make them difficult to manage, particularly in confined backyards or near structures. Black Walnut — Known for producing juglone, a chemical that inhibits the growth of many surrounding plants, black walnut can complicate landscape planning. Its dense canopy, large nuts, and extensive root system can also create maintenance challenges. River Birch — A fast-growing species that often develops multiple stems and uneven branch structure. Without proactive pruning, these trees can experience structural weaknesses that require ongoing management as they mature.

Needle cast, a fungus which causes the needles of pines, firs, and spruces to brown and drop prematurely.

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 13

Instead, the focus should be on “right plant, right place,” proper planting, and maintenance to reduce the risk of issues. “If they’re maintained properly, then the potential for those liabilities is greatly reduced,” Burley noted. Likewise, Brewer shared that providing and promoting a healthy growth envi- ronment greatly reduces the challeng- es trees can present. “Try to provide plants with a healthy growing environment as much as possible,” he said. “Then, they can better defend themselves against problems.” Brewer also advocates for a diverse landscape — with plants that attract insects and other ecosystem services that help trees thrive. “Diversity of trees in a landscape is important,” Aaron Dickinson, arborist at Arborcology LLC , explained. “If we

have more diversity, we shouldn’t have as many problems.” More than anything, Dickinson stated arborists need to be knowledgeable about the regions in which they work and the species that can cause issues. “Know what trees have been problematic in the area and what you can do to pre- vent issues in advance,” he continued. In Dickinson’s experience, sometimes it’s best to remove a challenging spe- cies and replace it with one that is bet- ter suited to the specific environment. These seven trees may make the prob- lem list, but that label shouldn’t com- pletely define them. With an emphasis on proper planting and a sound man- agement plan, many of the issues that make trees challenging can be mitigat- ed. And perhaps, these species could very well make your list of favorite trees to work with.

Eucalyptus — In residential settings, their size, brit- tle wood, and heavy limb drop make them difficult to manage.

ularly problematic for arborists work- ing in the field, the challenges aren’t limited to those in this list. Many in the tree care industry believe that every species can be a problem if it’s planted in the wrong environment. “Every tree is hazardous,” Burley said. “I think the environmental factors have the most play in whether a tree is haz- ardous or not.”

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Working in large, open spaces gives arborists flexibility. In tight spaces, that flexibility diminishes, and planning becomes critical.

Working in Tight Spaces Without Cutting Corners By Jenny Cohen

For many arborists, space is a luxury. Small back- yards, built-up urban areas, narrow access points, and even indoors, oen leave little room for equip- ment, debris, or even a basic setup.

That means every plan has to account for restricted access and nearby obstacles including buildings, cars, and other structures. “For the guys up in the tree, it usually means far more controlled, sectional work because there’s rarely a clean drop zone. You’re dealing with power lines, roofs, fences, and traffic, so every cut has to be planned,” Mairs said. But the challenges don’t end there. As soon as branches and debris hit the ground, swi and pre- planned cleanup is a crucial task. “On the ground, it’s just as challenging — feed- ing chippers in narrow driveways, moving timber through side gates, managing the public walking past. That’s where a good kit and good planning re- ally earn their keep,” he said. According to Levi Williams, an ISA certified arborist at Tree Scouts Tree Service , planning is the num- ber one deciding factor in whether a job in tight spaces can be done safely and effectively. One of the first steps, he said, is to determine what gear

And yet, trees still need care in all of these places.

So, how do arborists overcome this challenge? We talked with a few industry experts who shared that with the right planning, equipment, and expertise, tree care workers can handle tight workspaces safe- ly and effectively. PLANNING BECOMES A PRIORITY Working in large, open spaces gives arborists flex- ibility in how they can approach the job. In tight spaces, that flexibility diminishes, and planning becomes critical. “When you’re working in packed suburban or city areas, the biggest thing that changes is how little room for error you have,” said Jamie Mairs, busi- ness line director for Green-Tec .

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 17

Safety protocols should account for everyone and everything on-site. This includes pedestrians walking through the work site.

and equipment will fit safely in the space. It’s also important to consider the gear that climb- ers will need in the canopy. “A climber will have to use specialized rigging equipment, which can include pulleys and rig- ging blocks to safely let down large wood at a controlled pace,” he added. When faced with a really tight or awkward site, Mairs’ reiterated: “The biggest tip I can give is to slow down at the planning stage.” He advises arborists to think carefully about how material comes down and plan where it will go. If you’re using machines, it can help to set machines up once and then work towards them rather than constantly repositioning them. Breaking material down into manageable sizes early on nearly always saves time later. Safety is another important part of the plan. Protocols should account for everyone and everything on-site. This includes pedestrians walking through the work site. “All safety protocols and gear will have to be communicated to every part of the tree crew, including the groundsmen and the climbers,” Williams said.

THE RIGHT MACHINES CAN HELP YOU SUCCEED Once a plan is in place, the next step is to choose the right equipment. Tight spaces require proper equipment that can access the area and still perform. “When it comes to planning small worksites that still need serious capability, we always encourage customers to work backwards from access,” Mairs said. “There’s no point spec’ing a big machine if you can’t physically get it to where the work is.” That could mean using smaller, more compact equipment that can fit through narrow entry points before being deployed on-site, such as Green-Tec compact lis or other similar ma- chines. Some larger equipment can still be used if they offer features like all-wheel steering which make a machine nimbler when working around close obstacles, Mairs said. Another option is to use machine attachments. When used correctly, some attachments can help make a machine more versatile. This al- lows crews to handle multiple tasks with fewer

Planterra specializes in confined spaces such as working among trees inside an animal exhibit at the Detroit Zoo.

18 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

Planterra cares for trees and plants inside buildings like this one at the Detroit Zoo.

machines. A few examples of this in- clude stump grinders and mulchers. Does the job still require large equip- ment? They don’t have to be ruled out if you can find a creative, safe, and effective way to include them on the worksite. “We see plenty of successful jobs where larger machines stay at the roadside, while smaller units handle harder-to-access material,” Mairs said. It’s important to remember that the most successful arborists in these sit- uations are the ones who properly plan and incorporate the best and optimal equipment for the job. “It’s about being flexible, not forcing equipment into places it shouldn’t go,” Mairs concluded.

WORKING INDOORS PRESENTS UNIQUE CHALLENGES Surprisingly, tree work isn’t limited to the outdoors. In fact, tight access and spaces can go a step further — indoors. “Interior work is very different from exterior work,” said Shane Pliska, CEO of Planterra Interior Landscaping . “Site access and mobilization is very time consuming as it requires many layers of permissions and clearances for most interior facilities.” Planterra specializes in providing in- terior landscaping services — a niche that covers plants and trees inside of- fice buildings, botanical gardens, and other indoor spaces. That means the company’s arborists are facing chal- lenges that tree trimmers working out- side don’t have to consider.

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 19

“Protecting interior surfaces is manda- tory,” Pliska said. “These spaces oen have very high-end furnishings and artwork, so any damage can be a seri- ous situation and requires an arborist who has experience with keeping the site clean, orderly and safe.” It’s also important to take into consid- eration environmental restrictions that apply to indoor work. “Inside, we are using scissor lis, boom lis or ladders, all of which are electric powered only as we cannot have a gas machine inside the space,” Pliska ex- plained. For Planterra, that typically means relying on compact, electric-powered equipment that meets building re- quirements such as a scissor li. Despite these unique constraints, Plis- ka said the fundamentals are the same: clear communication, careful planning,

Indoor work by Planterra includes additional planning to use electric-powered scissor lifts and tarps to cover nearby floors, furniture, or artwork.

“When we work indoors, we are work- ing within enclosed spaces that have major limitations, such as elevators, door openings, fine furnishings and building occupants,” he said. Beyond a building’s physical con- straints, the surrounding environment

must be protected. Everything that’s around the plants and trees has to be considered — including every cut and movement to protect what’s below and around the crew. Specialty work like this oen requires protective materi- als, like tarps to prevent damage.

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excellent customer service, and strict safety protocols. NO ROOM FOR ERROR Narrow backyards, crowded streets- capes, and interior landscapes all pose the same challenge — they’re tight working spaces that require arborists to approach each job differently and with precision. In these environments, there’s less flexibility, more variables to consider, and less margin for error. What might be viewed as a simple job in the field easily becomes a challenge when the work area is more compact and lim- ited. This forces tree care crews to pivot in their thinking, planning, and operations. But even when space is limited, the fundamentals remain the same: care- ful planning, choosing the right equip- ment, and implementing safety proto- cols helps to ensure everyone on and

A tree handler like the TH3 Tree Handler from Green-Tec, seen here with a grapple saw, has a compact design with all-wheel steering that makes it a good option for working in confined spaces.

these concepts — agile thinking de- spite constraints and adjusting their approach in confined environments — will be the ones best positioned for success.

around the worksite is protected.

Taking these steps is critical to helping crews adapt and successfully complete the job, even in the smallest work ar- eas. And the arborists who can apply

22 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

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ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 23

A hollow tree may look harmless, but in spring it could house a highly defensive mother raccoon ready to bite.

24 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES ™

PPE Series

Hidden Hazards in the Canopy Preventing Animal Bite Risks in Tree Care By Mara Watts

you’re assessing thoroughly for haz- ardous animals,” she said. As part of the assessment, crews should take the time to scan the ground and the tree itself. For exam- ple, if raccoons are a concern, look for signs of hollowed cavities in the tree where nests may be tucked in- side. If you happen to find this, Thi- erbach said to perform a hazardous report on the tree.

From furry creatures tucked away inside hollowed cavities to scaly and slithery reptiles hiding amongst the rocks and swamps, arborists regular- ly encounter various animals. What a jobsite is to us is a home to them, and it is understandable that when these creatures feel danger, they’re prone to defend themselves with what na- ture has equipped them with — their teeth. While some bites — like those that don’t break skin — can amount to nothing more than a surprise and a Neosporin-coated bandage, other more substantial bites can lead to se- rious bodily injury, allergic reaction, or disease transmission. And all bites should be treated with the same cau- tion and care. The good news, though, is that most bites are preventable with the right knowledge, awareness, and effective use of protective personal equipment (PPE). In this article, we’ll walk through several of the most common animals associated with biting hazards for ar- borists, their typical behaviors, warn-

ing signs to watch for, and related tools and equipment to help protect you from a bite. Note: Keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list. The great outdoors is home to many more hazardous and potentially risky animal encounters. So, it’s important to research and un- derstand the specific wildlife thriv- ing in your region, so you can stay prepared and aware on every job site. BUT FIRST, PERFORM A JOB-BRIEFING Before work begins, Dawn Thier- bach, ISA Certified Arborist and co-proprietor of Victori- an Gardens, a full spec- ORM ns, Dawn Thier- fied Arborist of Victori- l spec- hrub sed an, trum tree and shrub care company based out of Michigan, emphasized a few practical ways that crews can assess a work site or tree for potentially problematic animals. w at a for ematic “You’re supposed to be doing a job briefing anyways, so just make sure to be doing a job j t k

Most animal bites are preventable with awareness, proper PPE, and a thorough job briefing.

ArborTIMES™ Spring 2026 | 25

While working at height, climbers face the greatest risk of encountering ani- mals like raccoons and squirrels, es- pecially when a tree has a hollow tree cavity or is home to a nest.

Common Encounters Raccoons

“If you’re removing or pruning a tree in the spring, you’re going to run into some raccoons,” Thierbach said. As with many woodland animals, spring is when female raccoons give birth and begin raising their young. This means that aggression levels will be at an all-time high, as mother rac- coons have one primary goal — to pro- tect their kits. “It’s not a question of if they will or not — mother raccoons will attack,” Thierbach explained. “A few years ago, my husband was pruning a tree that a raccoon family called home. He had to put something over the hole where the family lived because the mom kept wanting to come out. She will bite, but she’s doing it to protect her babies.” While working in a tree, options are limited when it comes to defending against a protective mama raccoon. “You could rev your chainsaw to try and scare it off, but most of the time they won’t run away if babies are in- volved,” Thierbach cautioned. In situations like this, if tree removal is necessary, Thierbach recommends discussing other options and timing with the client. In this case, it might be worthwhile to suggest postponing the removal until all animals have vacat- ed the tree. For raccoons in particular, mothers will lead their kits out of the den to a new location at about eight weeks of age. That means you could be waiting to service that particular tree until late spring to early summer. For the most part, raccoon bites (espe- cially in the spring) are defensive, but it’s always best to take the bite seri-

When raccoons are present, postponing work may be the safest option — especially during denning season.

few extra minutes to identify any risks before work begins can, and will, help keep crews safer and more efficient. TREE DWELLING MAMMAL BITES (RACCOONS AND SQUIRRELS) When an animal feels threatened, trapped, or is protecting a nearby nest, its first instinct is to defend itself. For arborists, that can mean bites or scratches from local wildlife while on the job. Although these injuries can be quite painful, the greater concern is the risk of disease transmission such as rabies and other infections. “When we talk about bites, it’s mostly dog bites,” said Thierbach. “But when you’re talking about what animals they encounter, climbers run into squirrels and raccoons a lot — and they will bite. But most of the time, climbers know enough to stay away.”

“When you’re doing this, you’re look- ing to see if the tree is going to fall over, or if there’s widowmaker hangers,” she noted. “And you’re also looking for an- imal nests — bees nests, raccoons, and squirrels, those kinds of things. But sometimes it’s hard to see a nest in a full foliage tree, so a thorough assess- ment is very important.” In addition to what’s visible, Thierbach recommends evaluating the worksite and surrounding environment for signs of wildlife activity. “Is there tall grass? Warm rocks? Are there any hollow spots where animals can hide? If so, you can bet your boots there’s probably some kind of critter in that tree. Those are the kinds of things you’d be looking for in the job briefing.” Although this is oen part of the job briefing, checking for hazardous ani- mals can oen be overlooked. Taking a

26 | Spring 2026 ArborTIMES™

Although they’re smaller in size, squir- rels can still bite and scratch. Aer all, their teeth need to be strong enough to bite through tree nuts, so it’s easy for them to do damage to a finger or two. Despite their small size, they should still be treated with the same caution as larger tree-dwelling creatures. PPE Recommendations While raccoon and squirrel bites can’t be fully prevented or ruled out from the field, PPE serves as an important tool providing an extra layer of protection.

Thierbach recommends the following:

• Wearing heavy-duty, puncture- resistant gloves to help protect against bites and scratches; • Using eye and face protection to shield against claws, debris, and even urine; and • Wearing long sleeves and protective outerwear to reduce the amount of exposed skin. In addition to PPE, Thierbach advises arborists to stay aware of their sur- roundings and avoid direct interaction with any wildlife as much as possible.

Small but aggressive, squirrels will defend nearby nests at height. Never assume their size means low risk.

bors, though, there is no waiting out tree squirrels until denning or nesting season is over. These are year-round habitants that can pop up in a variety of tree species and are especially fond of oak-hickory forests.

ously. These aren’t just cute and fuzzy animals — raccoons can carry danger- ous diseases such as rabies, requiring prompt medical care.

Squirrels

Not surprisingly, climbers also run into tree squirrels quite oen at height, and according to Thierbach, they can be “devious little rats.” They take defensive measures to the next lev- el — to the point where they may almost seem spiteful. “Squirrels aren’t as nice as ev- erybody thinks they are,” she chuckled. “They’ll get out on a branch above and purposeful- ly urinate on you.” as ev- ,” she ut on a oseful- Like raccoons, tree squirrel mothers are highly protective of their nests and may attack if they feel there is a threat. Dif- ferent from their masked neigh- quirrel otective attack if eat. Dif- d neigh- mbers rrels and ch, tle ve v- re em

To protect yourself while climbing, use eye and face protection to shield against claws, debris, and even urine.

ArborTIMES ™ Spring 2026 | 27

“Honestly, your best defense against an animal bite is staying aware and giving nature her space,” Thierbach stated. REPTILE BITES (ALLIGATORS AND SNAKES) Alligator Bites While you can find squirrels and rac- coons just about anywhere in the United States, there are a few animals home to the south that can make the job of an arborist a bit more dangerous. Alligators are most commonly found in warm, swampy regions throughout South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama — and yes, they can and will bite. With a 2,000 to 3,000 pound per square inch (psi) bite force, an alligator can do some serious damage to a hu- man, causing severe injury and even death. “You might encounter an alligator while working on a golf course,” said Thierbach. “They’ll just walk across the

Alligators don’t always give warning signs before an attack. This makes distance and awareness your best defense on job sites that are home to these reptiles.

greens, usually because there are lakes or little ponds nearby. And the scary part is you might not even know one’s there.” Whereas smaller critters may show warning signs before biting, like chit-

tering or raising their tails, gators don’t always give a warning before an attack. In many cases, they may approach quickly and bite without any signs of aggression beforehand. The good news, though, is that alligators don’t neces- sarily seek out humans to bite — let

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