الاحتلال الأميركي للعراق وأبعاد الفيدرالية الكردية

يتناول المؤلف بالدراسة تطور المسألة الكردية في العراق، وما نجم عنها من بروز تحالف كردي-أميركي، سعى الأكراد إلى توظيفه لصالح تعزيز مكاسبهم السياسية التي حصلوا عليها بُعيْد الاحتلال الأميركي. وطرح سؤالاً مهمًا حول حدود التحالف الأميركي-الكردي، وهل سيفي الأميركان بوعودهم للأحزاب الكردية في الفيدرالية والسلطة والثروة.

   1430
 

2009 

978-9953-87-771-6

         

    : 4930181  4930183  4930218 ) 974 (+  : 4831346 ) 974 (+ 

  : E-mail: jcforstudies@aljazeera.net


     
 !  : (+961-1) 785107 - 785108 - 786233 " .# : 13-5574   $ 1102-2050    : (+961-1) 786230  $
 %&! '  : http: //www.asp.com.lb

  : asp@asp.com.lb

 

 
 
      
      
! "

#   $!   
 %
& ' (
 )* + *  ), - 
.  /
01
 2#3 /!  4, * 
.

             
      
. .

    :
        

(+9611) 785107

 :    
       

(+9611) 786233

  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 7

   : 
      ................................ ......................... 13   :   
 ................................ ................................ .......... 13 !"  : #  $%  & ................................ ............................... 21 "  :   '   ( ................................ ....................... 27 )  : ! *(  ................................ ............................. 30 +,  : -  .  / ................................ ................................ 36 + 0  :   1 23 ! 4 
 ................................ ..................... 42 )0  :   1 ) (  % ................................ ......................... 46 !  :

 "  "   

 ................................ ............... 51    : &%    1  ................................ ........................... 51 !"  : .  5  !   1 ................................ ........................ 55 "  : '   0    6 3
$ !   1 ................................ .60 )  : %  0 0 7   1 ................................ ............... 66 +,  :   1 +   .   0  ................................ ............... 76  + 0  :     1   8 : ................................ ................ 82 )0  :    %/  1 : ................................ ..................... 93 #!  : $
% &  
 
 ' ("  ................................ ... 103   : $9, 21 ;9 - <% ................................ .......... 103  =/ :  =
     1  / : ................................ .............. 108 !" =/ :  0  ) ( 
    : ................................ ..................... 116 !"  :  =/    0 0 !   #0 : %     ;5 ................................ ................................ .... 120

5

   : 
 ' ") ("  ................................ .......................... 143   : +-       ................................ ...................... 143 !"  :     % ( %/

 3 ................................ ..... 151 "  : .  !/ '0>   %?   1 ................................ .... 161 )  :   1
/' @- ($ : ................................ ................... 169

 , ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 189

6


 

 

 
  

  !" # $%&
'() *
+
 ,
 $- .
'/ 0)
 $12
'/ 3 4 56 +&7 8 9 $  $ %:
; 3 8 <= >?  

 
@A
%
B 97 ; @* C DE?2
F&
G H? <
 D%
I .
H* = 
#   $%&

 (&,
A $
K H  L G M< N
?O7 PQ $R(S?2
$%!
H , A

T0%
U<2
$VE W X - .
YZ%S
F ;  $ !
$ '6 G (&,
 '[  A $12
$ !
$1 ") \ XA ] 7   $E^ $%!3 %(- _8 $A6 $ %0 H
%? 8  UE
` FXa %&3
 bX(S7 < Z c
H 6Xd
e7 4 $
f
gh G6 7 $A

. 
>![ &, 8 F = 
 ! 
iPS3j
 / 8 k 7 2003   C&,
$?0%
f3%
k)&S i%3 $X( Hjl  $A

$
B m
G %X6 

 n Q k!<7 

$ !
$;2
  $! 
$ 6
kZ o $ !
`
p3  $
M
q&1S7 $&S2
/ 3%X0  r% $?  'a f
[ s k t  _ F27 $%!3 k!< uM?7 $?v
$A

$ p2
$%!
G6 iP&Sj
   8 < G w# &6 $ @   d
_!
@A
%
 $  ESA
  F%=A kx  A2
$
f
  'y

%S
 
k!< F%=A 'A  F%=A _!
%S
z G XxSj
 FS 'A . X 8 Hjl  8 G c
H=X{
i%3 { G!X2
8 $
g%&
(6 kE| F 
A
$ gQ
$
M
i%| D6 G f3 

$P ( %A  U< I $ !
8 Ca
 Xj

XS
kZ  f
[ s } !S /  $ !
`
p3  (XA $ p2
$%!
$* G6
7 .
YA%2
i%3 Hjl  z 4 6 E G XA

7

! H)S 8
%&3 @-
 ` 3 56 


  f  ~
i

 . 7 i
w 'S k(,  @A
%
 8 D8 (Sa  kK
%S m $
(0%va $ !
I A

_!
@a%
g6 i&S=
@? %€ 56 8 XS
 Y?7 $)(S2
(XA
i

z  3 i%3 '[ ! 
_!
Y 1S
 . k(, M
  '[%6%7 F !  o fx
 $*
 $
M
$ !
`
p3 r  k[ 
w  `
p3 8 
HM 1S F f1S2
H j% [3 / 0
S"
 8 r  k[ F 4


! 
U<2
((-
% c
HAMQ A P7 }!?S 56 w" 3 Y 1S
w# 
@ B8  '(S7‚  S
t  
 @ $- .
 9 $! 
R? _?[  7 $? $

]>[ F 4 [ƒV Hjl S
w 56 $7 -  I „/ [ 

$ !
$;2
H
%* 56 +%{
u  97 G (?6 '…  _ Y | 8 5 ! 
  † E CMZ% I 
 p p ! ) $
'( ! 
iPS3j
7 (6
%E3 c
. $a, G $

&*=
A [M 8 $  ESAj
 $
G 2


(6 kE3 c
H
9Sj
F S $,&x
 ‡ 
$?0%
f3%
k)&S 56 $1a

 

s= pM1S %A @7 0 H
# $  H*S7 (0) j 4 * t !=
$= ! 56 $
M
8 $A
6 'A 8 B s2
H
# @, `v
 u%
 `%?d
gQ ?S
c

(  ( L 
 ˆ I f?S2
A

F!
$?7 w!MS  ‰ $ p2
 "  . Z  ! 
iPS3j
H  k 4 $
$?)
$VK f6 

C E Š _>
'&S
 w!MS
u‹ q, $6XS-j
  kZ  $S1S
H %:
f $?0%
$ %:7 3%2
%<
Ya ) $%&
 $My *
$ y <
 ( A

<
Žy
" YS2 ,W :
D%(M F )v Ž)E f3
%
$ % $A

$?[>
%{
G6
KA . 8 $

$R(? G6  f[ s
ƒMS 1S
(?2
 XS6
‘ &, $3*2

 P{, $)&S H
%E G [
XS
G6 'R? A  : $’
`)

8

&2
 Ža%S
„“ ” S
(?2
D
S
G6
$, $=   c
$” S
7 f[ s
!" $ !
$%&
[%‹ HpM3 . $

XA A  I $7 8 i%E,  d6 
kEM
 $
fj i %(Z $x 
$A

?S, $ !
$%&
H*S
 '( 9% 

kK8 S-j
 $)&
'/X&
vd
8 ? X $6X [=6 c
$ %:
$9 C
7 >? A

@XS~

Ya G6 X… c

>[ ?% I N $Xs?
H $*
 fx
$  S2
$ <2
 $?0
%2
D%(M p p R(S=
c
 L d
G0%
$ %[ '3PS
 •=j
G6 'R| H 6Xd
e7 k- $  @ $&{
/ %“ wXS ; _ 56 8 F8 Xs= jS,
G! B $ %:
$9 E Q  =   &7 8 - Q jS,
{  
 $*’
i
C7 –   $A

H6Xd
e7 H
A YZ% G ?!— c
f2
$
g%&
 >M? 8 $ H
?-  ˜ qS $

( E I $&*?2


 k* 8 \? I $, a $9 •=

 A

@XS~

  >? $12
'(S)V  $&S2
'(S  k!< 

G6 i EM=j
$A

$
}; .
ƒ) fXS2
_!
XS
H 3 x A 8 
 G6 PK  
 q&1S 8  @ ] ‚j

>[ $%&
'(,
[ ; _ 56 1)2

>[ 8  F <
G fƒ) H6 *A @? B $%&
'/ 3%X0 q&1S $ !
H
&
$  ESAj
 $
$A

$
H
M tXv=j
G _!
 [ L ; $  HE" +%)S $
% K? HM3 fƒ) $ 8 [+ ™ f
# $A

$
X ?
[E3 c
$
yS?
 +
- 
 3M '( %&
 D6 š
>
'!
F%=A x— c
 1970 fƒ) f%*Q k!" _>
8 X X  •
M=
D  ; $ !
$  (6 +?) $ !
H
&
, H 3%X0 %€ 8 @  $&*?2
“ H c
$
„s
G XxS 
  U a
.
`3 7 

“  c
$y?xSj
 D6 I 1980 .
`3 D 6 $=x
1991  $  ESAj
 $ !


H
A ƒ G (&,
   _ ESA
E3 ›, 8 C 3%7 kQ $?0%
F !, 8
@, F  
 œ6 c
$
M
%€ $%&
'() * Y&  1S =%=A  P!" H

9

G ž)A
2
 ž’
G ƒx „%S A

@A
%
8 I (&)* _ F 3%2
$A

$
F w!M Xj 
6%

_!
%S
G6 P{, 8 H3PK C, HA $  ESA
 $ A7  FS 'A G $&S2
$
@a . 
kEM %>2
?  8 { r% $?  @A
  ‰Px
/%A ž7 %&
U
E
 ) $=XS
 $7
$ !
 ( [ƒE 56 $?X(  FX{ $ !
H
&
(S?) c
H 
 2
56 f*
uM?7 $?v
$?   $aMS
(MA
% $
/ 3%X0 9p ˜ . 8 x
kEM
, ?S  $ !
$;2
YZ% ! 

(X6 

 iPS3j
k)A  $32 +
% 8 [7  
@ 4 f "  I 
 iPS3j
f
 ž7 R
Sj
Y 1S
'R3 C 5{,8  $ !
`
p3 $%&


H 3%X* fpXS $ 6 G .  @7

kEM
8 ƒQ

YA%2
i?S, 4 $
M
U%a% G XA $ !
 YA% (s 3  H6,=j _ES
i3 3% C)" XA 8 
 3%X0 

/ ' $
k 8 4
YA
%2
97 A %[ ] ‚j

>[ p3 $X O)6 _>
S
YA%2
 8 &S=
G6 f G x Ž K “ ¢ c
$& *
4  
 :PS3
Y $! 
f
 8 5{,  5a%M
[ s 

10

H (?
D%£ . , W žA

k! ƒ)!
_1S
D%
k!< iPS3j
F 
#  ˜ 8 5{,  G C 6XS-j


= w!M $[
`
>7 U 9  _p2

+v Cy?78 ž7 [
'
 ¤ $A

$  $6 " kKM r7 4
 5a%M

f
 , $6XS-j
 $  ESAj
 $
 $? W F u7
S
uQ 56 $s, ’
_| 

H=%! ž7 $?0%
f3%
 Q


_1S
kx H7 $6XS-j
 ¥ žA

C-
% _>
*Q F
%8 k!7 6XS-j
 
'(M0 . _
p
X£ D[ }7
0 2009

11

12

 א  א

 
 
 

 

   :      
 $%A $6 ¥ '[ 
  k
%6 /3 G 
 
 ,
vd
  S
(Ap $
† E2
  [ i }¦ 56 U9%SS :   

    F
   %  8 ? .
6 X, 8 ?  j $- 7
&S (, _!
%-%
 c
kx C‚ $!< ) 1 ( , W 
  G k g  $!<  %-%

>[ F  
  F
    I G6 i
]>[ pR6 $RS=  %  3   ¨ ‡ $,& $  ESA
 $ $ 
`Sj Ž U
K I $!<2
]>[ %1S, 
 8 i
]>[ C= H>Q .  &  M 8
@ kS
   G 
  i 
%[ X %&
p XS D !=    F
 ) 2 ( 

kK 3 %[ X š
>
'!
G U%= „
S6
I .   & F%Q 2
YS” 8 i%K 

'(- G '(?X,  I8 i%K $76 ) 3 (  '(- G '(?  I8  $ i%K ‡ $  3 8 XS? '(Sv F  I
Hv
$y6 N$   8 I  FS $&*? '(-%   F f 6 FA Ž2
P &) . ) 1 ( David McDowell, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B.Tauris: London, 1996, 5-9. ) 2 ( The Kurds and Kurdistan People without Country A.R.Gassemlou, Zed press: London 1980, 11-13. ) 3 (
  
                   
! "  "   "  # "  $ "  % "& # "  " " ' " ()  &   * 
   +    #*
,   -. & $  /& -   0 1(2 3 4
  2  5 /  "$   -   "$& 4$2"6 7  -         48     7
. / / :  ; 2 4 /  :7   < #  =
 ) >  : -1 4&  1975 ( @ 4 3 4 258 .

13



ž 2
M3 836

I 8
F '[ 
 8

kK  '
| $&
H7S!

ƒx '[#   D%A I 
 «  D6 t7=8 C7S F%,%? p
Š&
¡=%
« 2
'(?6 ‰| G >
 400  .D ) 2 ( . $¬ 8 _‡
C7 i%& Q  %= ¡2 C I ƒ< 8
F
G '[ 
  D
%A 
G > = 
% < F%  fĩ 7V $)d
$&*?2

F f %E7
%AM A  P)
$
 ž7    F
 X %= Y{ C 8 H %* šƒ $X F  % % % $X I 8j z   H % $X I $X [ 8 $K. 8
u7ƒ, FS
,    <7 
 )H% ( D% $!L ª6 _>
&S  I  ƒvE
`
p
_m ž7 $- (? $A<
$M{
56 $A
%
8 F $X 8  
 ;
$X!
G f#%Q N % % $ %" . ) 3 ( 2
 žx3)
ž7 s?
H(- „PSQ
G G! X( P, žQ w" 8 Q
 (?6 $6%?S2
 fƒx!
/ R(7 '(Sv .

) 1 (  :(2 - 2 4 )    4"/  "A& . -( 4 $<  4B -&+. 46 1976 4 555 . ) 2 ( >  4> ! & -  - C+ 4@"  7" 7 : ! -/ ( -  -// 1984 4 224 . ) 3 ( -  -/ 4A 7 : >  4-++  
 : D 72 !( / 1993 4 140 .

14

D%
k 8 G @X‚  $&*?2
$3  G

®x—  F

8 
v
@ 9%S7 qS X,  o , 
 W

(8 ' Y 2

O'{ 3 
 $3 2
3  ` & ) 194

!
$ G6 P{,  8 F 20 % $X=
G '[  
 

( F%

G x ) 60

'[6 ¯)
 F ! G 8

F FpS

( $X= F%  ) 1 (

) 13

 _8 ` &

_ ![  })  '  . 8   , F
 W %€ ¯) $ !
$&*?2
$3  F ) 125

8 !7   (–  F
  

 (?*& 

(8 ' Y 2

` & 10 %

( _ F%

<
U%Xh G 4 \
%3 _8 ¡
 ) 7 , 5

j FpS  ] 
$ <6  q?S6
$a2
%E
 F
 e7 
$12
 $ %(

 . 8
  H= 
%&?S6
&, G 3%2
ƒV 
 8 gQ $  p
kx fS $:

 ) 4 ( . 8 ph (, '(Sv  8f ° kx ±p‚
 
 8 '(M= ° $R(
 $&*?2
3   $ !
$&*?2
f %6 )),  Hj E j
$7%K  ž7 $™

%(Z
%- 69% c
i
 
 f6)S $p? ky)A I F !
M  L 8 g
“ '!S c
H R(
ƒ) „PSQ
I  
. I w# @, Gp
 @ 
 I 
 G H R(
„PSQ
 I $,
v- $&*? G 8 '&? w> gQ

David McDowell .

, 9

) 1 (

A Modern History of the Kurds ,

) 2 ( J. C. Randal, After such knowledge, What Forgiveness ? My Encounters with Kurdistan, New York press: New York 1997, 16 . ) 3 (  . 6 4 / & -  -( 4  / : 4( 3   (2 B 7 43.  >/  7  1988 4 5 . ) 4 ( Randal , After such knowledge, 25 .

15

H R: f6 I $ 
$ !
H R(
8 “ ‰1S c
$…!
(– 8 G x 50 %
G  
 kXS  'S
 $7S!
 $A

$ !
q0?2
Xj 's 8   %  
 8 ?  “ ‰1S c
$==)
$R(
r?[ 8 
  r%[ 

8 k7  6 “ ‰1S c
$=
%
$R(
-% X 8 kA  q0? 8 ƒx 

$= X
$s, £ ${A
FS $&*? G 4 $=
 
 $7S!
w> kXS  `  
$R: [ $7
$R: w?[ )
9
9 ( [ $R: ) 
° )=
( %    $K Q '  'A ) 1 ( . / R:  'V   j8
k 5&) $ !
$v
F %3
G6 fpXS i v
H $S
 $7
, $ M
  ²76
% 
 j 8 ²
 ², j  ‹ ‚ fpL $6 ¥ '[ %&
/) 56 P (Sv ) 2 ( .
>[ @ H)x,
 
 %&
j
G $ 3 %- T j •= 8 wXS
  $)&
³, 6XS-j

ž7 $ v $ %A 
9  E
G 
 D%
_ _8 56 8
9 7 
  F  G! B F 8 «%" G C%K ky)&
.
${X,  +&7
 ) 3 $)&
'/ &=
[ $” S

 !" X 3% _ F DA ?  S
6 !!M _!
@XS~

$- .
g%&
iPvSj )EQ =
 56 ) c k)3 @?2 H &=j
w
 n .
'm k!< 3%S
G 
 ) 3 ( .
G 7j ?[ 4 I f " 8 '&S ›S B $ !
$&*?2
F  yS= 0 
$2
`
7  ƒx!
Gs X I  F k3
2 $&*?2
w {Q ‹ ) 1 (  . 6 4 2 & -  - C+ 4F7    : 46 - 1994 4 5 . ) 2 ( Ch.Hitechnes , Struggle of the Kurds, Washington: official journal of the national Geographic society, 182, 1992,: 36. ) 3 ( ! .  "+ "& : )2 =8 ,  &     # !   .  3 4-  - C - & F   
  " : ) % ) ' 2    " "/5 "1  ... G  ' 2   $ H B   & ...  $8 &  "6 " "
 " . 
 $& IA ( 8 4 )2 8 $   1(/"  " * ...   
  2 
J   2  (& 
    / ) (  : ! & >(  -/ / 4F !  F ! >  < :  - 2 4 ) A - /* . 41   )
+ B : 4 -2 1991 ( 4 345 .

16

F  '&S
G 8 f
V : F
  - $ 8 ) F
  < ( fƒ(<
8 }*V 1514 ž7 D  F
 $<

' F *
(6 $?
$=Xx
$
  i 5,  ´A $2
w  µ  E3 3 žS
ž7 $ !
q0?2
X
+pd
56 `
w HES=
c
$=Xx
  G  ‘ FS 
A D6 $AM
5{S&˜ $ym f %E7 '&S
1639 D c
8 t)6 ] <
ž7 7 @7


 ¡Xx
F *
 _%ME
) 1 ( . 8
'&S
 
  '[  * g- &, 
  G <
F&
@ %!7 }!  $AM
5{S&˜ 1916 $7
$&*?2
E= F  c
  '&S
G @*&S
 (, ƒ)
8 ,  { ) =, = * 7 G k &M
$AM j
]>[ -%X D SA
56 8 'A $ %0
4
56 = * 7 kE| © $=Xx
8 a
56 =, E3 k7&2
 7
.
¶3 j · ž&= Q G G ,

's 8 g !
 % a
) F?)  % ( q0? G +p- %-
 
  A" `%?- 8 & &, ž*,  8 $ K%
|  = Ž)E F $= * 
. X6 2 G k 6  %!7 }!  $AM
g%1M7   $&,
%27 (Sa I =,
S!= q0? G 7v
\X<
+pd
(1? 56 % 
-
5{S&˜ S CXs G6 &3j  9? _>
+pd
%[ 
 D w,%S 7 f[ 1918 = - G  ‡ G6 =, 9? &, Q žS
ž7 A $AM
5{S&˜ = *  kK%2
$&*? 8 $2
`
`&6
 !7   $&*? G6 =, 9? X I $AM
-%˜ S $ !
žS
ž7 A 8 f&= 8 7%S 1921 ) 2 ( .
H 7 &  $!<
v
'[ Q i%&
M2
G  2
!" G <
F&
H
7 F %<
%X? &&
q*? $%&
%&7  *2
_!
.
$2
`
>?X,  I 8 H>Q ‡ i ) 1 (  . - /* 4  +2/ -  >  4"
 " : 4B -  2001 4 215 . ) 2 (  . 4-  >  4
  220 .

17

 7 Xj 6 ES FS f3%2
'(S +?7 
 8 }y
@a F D6 G   ! 
1918
Cy)   c
 ƒE2
 & i%3 <6 $7 7 :PQ ³SA
;=C q3 G 8
+?7 
HA 4 -%2
$? % f  $=Xx
$
0

$K .
'(S 56
%E¸ F ) 1 ( .

)


  G
 ž %" (8

q

>[ S +M
k)A G $A%2
 

M f[ H+ - A 1920

X?3 8 
%2
H " ) 62 (
q3 I  7 @SXS

 š
>
'!
(— 4 7 f3
 $? iPQ '(S $A 
$)E6 ¹P7  w '(S)V7 '  &, f2
+ - ) 64 (  ix2
k) 56  :" G $? iPQ ‰3
# q ES

]>[ 56 j $AM 8
D& F 
$)E6 I 
 
ž) 0 ' j  G6 iP&S  7 $)E
,S6

# ;[ , $&S f3 F !
+j[ $ W i%)&7 (S  F
F%!S $&*?2
]>[ q3 k G6 S
 $K%S
]>[ 4 $EMS
H
+
- +M
) ž7 & $EM? $AM j 6%a% %&
]>[ G6  S    , %&
]>[ G6  ¤ ‘ 
# W  +M
F ›
S6
_8
ƒx G =j7 kK%2
$ j DA a { $
]>[ I _ SQj
DX ) $
_8 $ !
(" ) 2 (  j8 Ža
%
G C= 8
F $)E
I ™ *7
%&S B 
 S; X f - $ } 8 iX 5M*E $y7 f d
$S
$%!
F 8 u7 G ?!— c
 r %
@¥ 56 /*  A =  $S
a
M f[ %?7 {,  (?6 j7 A  7 j +M
@ M  f[ F
9% 1923  B  ;  # _8 56 H o 
 ) 3 ( .
>![ , G j) 8
kE¸ F  ž3 7
- $K .
'(S 56 
 A A $,&x
'(S %[ $
'(S 3 G +pR, f© X 8 A FS a
f&7 $x 
 I Xa 8 $ %:
}X0 k)  Q B _>
r % ƒR(S
 kS&
HX6 6 $ !
6Xd
'A _&
‡ œa Q '  I F

[ D B c
 $ !
$%&
 >S7 $M!
ky %
gQ  
0 $*7
) 1 ( Margaret Kahn, The Children of the Jinn, USA press: Washington 1980, 12 . ) 2 (  .  4-  >  4
 221 . ) 3 (  . -1  :8. & 2/    4F"  " : 4-+8. -  2 -/  ) 4 1991 ( 4 33 K 35 .  63  64

18



 c,%
 |j
I Xa &, gQ

4 $=
 )
N $ .( 8

+
p- 

$ H

&7 . kZ Xj f[ - i | i
]>[ H%!3 ž
w# >?
Hj £ i EŸS
0
&
(
 Ya  j 
 S=
S6j
U
p „ '(&© 
$
>
'm%Ÿ" f
 A (, F-
%S c
'  G 
pS2
(,%Q @ Xj ;
S6j

>[ ƒ „
& (X!| $-  56  % . G G! X( 8  , W %[ ?X( _>
F 8 $  ESAj
 $= !
$?)
'XK }— $ !
$!<2
F , 
 $
  i · \ · D%
F%< G >

 

A"  r%[ H s, £ 8 ³
S  kK%2
 r% G +p- $=X
 k7 ž7 '[6 ) 3 , 2 I 4 ( $X= F% ) 1 (   _8 $)= ` & ) 4 , 16 % ( G F%X& A

<
U%Xh 8 3 G »V 

q0? x ]2
 uM?
 $6
p
.

_!
@XS~
pXS  D%X _y <
C &=
 )&
C6%?S7 A   D s? U%{.
%S B A

_!, _!
@XS~
 's? _
  G0
%2
$ l k!< y
 fƒ<
 G 
 „
 
ƒx C
pS
g2 _!
8
's?S7 C
pS
D6  4  @{” _>

 _
 C ,
>![ G ƒx! 8 G '[ 


 8 y <
 ky)&

,  j%7 F%?   y '( '(y)A +X6p  -
%7 A u&, } CX69 $)V ) _!, 8 Y!    ‹ 8 G6 fƒx F3  GL ƒx!
¼3P
>: Y?6 U,=
 
F „6 $A

$ !
$E<
8 !
F CX6p D
S3j
 +j%
G! A

_ ) 1 ( >$2( >C -5/ =
L& 4  %) -/  >. -8    /  0 2 F > )& 4- "!  " * :  &   -/   2"2 7 16.4 % .  2 -/ =
  0 
 18 % 0 M  & 4 722   -/   !& 20 %   ! N  . < / =
 "2 "( : .  2  A2 *  :  4 /  "  )  >  : 7  4- " B " >"/  2006 ( 4 255  '" . - 4 O 
   /   1 & D2"  ) >  : 4-  B  >/  7  1987 ( 4 250 '  .   : ! & - D2" 4-A"/ /"P  ) >  : B  >/  7  -  1987 ( 4 76 .

19

_y <
8 $
$*
i - G x 8 
ƒx c
$ !
 (6 — $=Xx
$*
(6 +
% 8 $&S2
$A

$
G9 . 8 G6  8 $A

$ !
y <
'[ 
G!X, 4 y <
G ƒx!
I f " c
+
% 3 56 $A

 $ !
f

 )  HE" A K2


  [  ) $ !6 $  k 8 y <
w '[ ž=
9 )
fƒ<6 [  G  c
8 

FS ky)A '[  + {A &S ) p
 ƒ)!
`
p
m i ·  ƒ" k)- `%?- G . G 8 X69 '[ y <
( 8 _>
¡
9 )
½ 8 4
C6 D6 p!= 1932 ¡
9 )
5M*E P2
C&&"  D6 [ m
¶3 DE?2
F&
H?P >? $12
$ !
$
A _>
1975 . ž&= Q + {A r% $?  ž7 &S c
$=) *
ky)A r?[ I    ¡S!
T0%
 |j
`p3 '69 ¡) *
iP- '(?  D! ¡) *
 DE?2
F&
G H?)
)
'!3 G9 A

$6
p
 9 . r?[ 8 p
(" q0? &S c
„ d
ky)A {  $R)3 $?   i %Q . + {A -
%S c
…9 
ky)A I  ž&= Q  $?   r%  6
 $6
p
$,3 G(S—  ¾  7 ky)&
]>[ 6 ; $7
:%K “ S=
 N _%
)
i  œ [ ¾ G ž ) p
 „ d
ky)A @  8 ky)&
x $ %(Xd
 $!2
[%(6 @¥ $A

$ fj
% $ !
 Q A 7 ) +j%

>[ ¿K $a  $  ky)A @ D
 . ky)A r?[ 8 gQ 8  XR3 kA ;
ƒ  F&S G >
$:
ky)A (? " i · 8 k7 
$A


x  4 $S
$=
  q?S ky)&
]>[ 
[>2
° :
  r% $?  `%?- $?!=9 ky)A 8 „
0 $?  _M  S G >
=X:
ky)A X F 97 iXR¥ $?  p Fp  ky)A F
9 7 `%?- kK%2
" - %
 ky)&
G [ƒV . ) 1 ( 8
9 7 = ! 

$ !
$;2
S3
&, 
E
56  K2



  k7   !" m $
C P{ G ${ 

) B
+ : 4 -2 1992 ( 4

) 1 (  .  : ! & -  -(! 4/      1/

.

11 K

12

20

D& m%! 8 j -#%‹ 7
 A

@A
%
!S  (!— ‚ $A %&

vd
[p  
 6XS-j
(A
  
XS7 (R< $A

$
's?
C-%7 „%A%
56  $%&
(A%&© $) *2
 .
>[ 56
 $ !
$;2
)S
t   k %*
(”  6  f& H ™  =
%- $S<  (S
 k[ ‚ &*?2
G  B  ! 
iPS3j
7 Xj 
 _>
ž7 G $ !
$;2
C, H(Z 8 $ 3  {&
x $)?7 


k)&S2  7 K%EQ 8 F8 &
H>Q wXS $ !
H
 _ %A @7 0 H
# $  *˜  : H7  $! 
$ 6
kZ   ; ƒ n Q k!<7 

$
$X
 56 Ža
  

k)&S 56 D6 k!<7 . k| i Sj
k)A 8 7 ]>[ j $;2
7 8  ƒM 56 •= F XS~
C= G C
# A

@ 8 '[  %€ 56 •=j
 $ %:7 qS H9  A $A

$?0%
f3%7 $&S2
ky 2
G [ƒV $ !
$;2
+ &7 S
 RM=j
; kK
%S2
-  
&S
_8 À%1 %€ 56 k*6 k!<7 A

@XSRX .     :        D6  


%(Z q,
1921  8 X, Hp[ $6XS-
 $ H9 7 8 $?0%
C 3 F   , C7 F%! 8 x 8 $=% 7
<2
*A 8  C
3 8 C9 . &*?2
G F%! A 8 j F $


HP!< &= 6 's?
wS, $
CXs= $ ]=6 X,
3 )) G! B /®P6 5 G 

8 $- .
 $Q

CAP6
&Sj
D6 •=j
 $ %:
H9 c
$
 $Q

„s
$¥ I „ { X( P6 =   &7 fƒ


fj%7 0 38 &, ƒ) $S7 k&x %[  


 f $=Xx
$)&
„Z (SV K )[>2
eA?S
 _y <
YS
G ¡ * 
XSj
$3 &, XxS
56 $Xy&
= * 7 $ –  Y0
%6 G1" $6XS-j
H {A?S
8 %€ $%A H*S7 




21

iP&Sj
  j8 L [%6 G6 E!=  F6 m 8

%?7 a  •=P 

" 3  d
$
U< 8 œ U<2

>[ F Á) }8 56 »  $V $&S $%A $ '/ 3%X0 ipS¤ . 8 $?
 '/6  &, '/%s3 g $=Xx
$
#%M= '[ KM ( 56 - A f d
$
D( ' F%= * 
4
 $ !
f+M!
'(, )
f& '([  $
 . CS
7 >? $ %:
'x? 


>![  $X6 = !,  $X( CX ³PK C0
S"
q, (S)xS P %0 ¡ * 
iPS3j
5 $%!3 56 fƒ7 
kE, w2
$%7 ŽM B $K .
 
CS!?3 i HŸM
`>- $ $-%S2
 &7 w> f3
 $A
6 $ %[ qQ I 


C6< I fS H)? ³E 8 $?:7  žA

ž7 q,%S
$X( F   8 F $A $y
C=%! ž7 k6M F9
% 
 $<
 $?
Xj  $X( [ 
 g3 M, fƒ6 D6 +
9%
}h I C
> 1931 kE, w2
i?  O%E q, 
, 

(? ¡ c
$My *
 $%&
k <2
] " $¥ G (E&? c
F
)
8 f3%
%[ w# $6XS-j
f
K?6 G E?6 '[ g%&
fx) ]>[ $ 
 (, $? 
 $2
 $ !M
({7 56 $X&?  I (S  •S¸ 8 A%
ž6  G 7 +X!3
%=%! F 8 » f + %A . 65
&S D
S3j
G ƒ) = -  \[ j $- H
ƒ; I F&? 8 8 kM
 -%S $,*S !, " ) 1 ( . w $ 
 )*
G F  w> 8  k)&S2
kX¸ F  !S3
 ,? %€ 56 H=%!2
w ž7 8 A

U<2
kK I $&3j k3
 $3 
=j
G 
kxXS2
žS 8 žS&&3 `V : 8 X: :
I $*
&S,
)7 T0%
U<2
x  G k‚ c
H
 },?S
56 )E
 $6XS-j
H
3%
ž7  )0 X F%œ $*
8
I fƒx F3  $
 $ %S
[6
%A )x $0
&
ƒV    @, L I 1S
 $?0%
f3%
i%3 , c
H
<
$)V i%| ) 1 (  . C N  4 !   ( : 4Q(   -  -C  )  :  -  2003 ( 4 57 K 58 .

22

$E<
† E2
 f !S2
H7P&=j
 

p j
G U%= I f
 2

c 8 < 
† E27 Ha . X(= : $?0
%2
D%(M Ya  ž7 f
 2
U< _>
D%(M2
w# j G _%&  H)-
%
 %&
ž?0
%2
y @,
 c
f%&
(SME7 $ '( CS!7 6XS-j
F!
G6 . w# f¬ =  & 8
G C? ˜ $ %:
$98 M6 { F ¡2
`
*a $6Xd
I G0
%2
< c
$ {
 $3
 $ p
 3 C* G0%
I +XS=j7  $’
CS %[ G6 s?
ev7  9
pS6j
 +j%
C  q¤ EQ <
]9%7 C7 k !
$. $A

's?
HpR6 iP&Sj
G %&6 ), 6 G 8 S
$6, F%! F $?0
%27 t 34
$X? 6 $ %:
]>:   ³ $6 " f
 2
 $ 
 $  ESAj
f
$X?   
H - 
U)"  G0
%X $ 

q,  ž7 $ 9%S
$

G Â 8 <

, ) 1 ( . $RS?
= !, 8 F 4
%&3 H (S=
6 E @ kQ

G U a
XAM F =  ) H 
 $*7 
xŸSj
  $X?S

7 %EA 
6 E 4 M= H
x i
@ 9%S
 $?0%
$X?S
 +?)
H)*S ` 3 56 _!
$* X
i
S
 $
$ <2
 $6XS-j
$

`V . &7  M
[ %{3 $ %:
$9 ž7 G k6 8 

[=6 c
HP!<2
  {&
x CP&S
>?  H
3 ž7 fy 
$ %?)
$AP
$)*7 (0) j
s= D%
I $(- G A

@XS~
 $(- G $
$*
 8 Ya gQ 8 $*
+
 
H,PSQj
f
 4
$X6 | 

$? : 
ƒXxS .  j L C, w" 8 F8 %[ @XSh _8 i 3 C6 F%!  *Q 8 D s?
pR F +?7 G6 
8 0 $ $ -  H  $y a $S< 
Up?   )
G6 $XS~
$ S
f[ Z ) 2 ( k -  -(
   4 O  /" : -   -(  & -/  ) >  : 4-  B  >/  7  1997 ( 4 53 K 54 . ) 2 ( 4.  - & ! 4- 1 + - & - 1 $) 4F  -)( "(  - 1 +   1 & - 1 + -2  ) >  : 4-  B  >/  7  2004 ( 4 76 .

23

56 8  !
$?0
%2
}  a f93 56 A ƒV Ž)E X?3 $  U ¥ k I _ L 
@XS~
HŸ,  ž7 
 6XS-j
u7
S
„a 8 )
+?7  
 6)S
G $ 3 '/AP6 %S, 9%
H) N Q8 
„*
 $0
&
H 2
`V F%=&
Ya kZ ¨ j _>
Ya
 $6XS-j
CSŸ, I F%
j j (Z +XS3 ) 1 (  Ÿ?3 kS!S
G $ 3 8 _%ŸM
@A%&S
)
 )[>2
%& ( 3
%
@XS~
kQ
  i 
]>[ kx  F%!? 8 b:
3%S
H ™  [ Z C6 ) A @XSh D  @X&
f%* kM7 56
G u2
uv{
   j kQ

C?! 8 !!M XSh F%! F ph ²8 8 ƒ)S7 ˜  8 XSh `S!
3 $
$&.
]%< ) 2 ( . &
&Sj
D6 $ 3

 

XS~
S
f[ Z H8 q*? q, 8 @XR $ <2
q3 8) q, œ B S

>[ F 
kKM 56 $Xy

$?X:
$A

$
 3 # „PSQP $X
f
4

H %( A%, }= ‚ $A @XS~
_8 RM=P k7A _A (K fS2 $*
C, Y{ „Z _8 | $s . $
 M
ž7 $*%
H 2
$!)" $ &
$& *
]>[ )V & 
3%S
 6XS-j
}= RS
q. . $
m
 $7RS
k<, @ $ %:
$; H6 ! 
iPS3j
kZ `{S žA

@R{ e&S 
'(XSh }8 ›%& [
'(X ) 3 ( . @
%ES
f3 G )   ƒQ  j8 G! `S!
e7 _8 C= 8 F A
 MK k!<  A
%
f3 [ $A

$7RS
p X, A

@XSRX ) 1 (  .   +  >( 4F7   
  : (R (  & -/   )  : 48  2003 ( 4 15 . ) 2 (  . -$ & -  47 7+( R   4-(
* >7 55 . ) 3 (  . -  - # > 2 4  /" "( : -  :75 >$ N  : (  * A2 * 4.  - & ! 4- ")81 :  $! ) >  : 4-  B  >/  7  2007 ( 4 100 .

24

$*
!S3
G6 $)S2
a8 $ $ŸM C£ 38 $?0
%2
D%(M M G ${ 6 HŸ,
8 bX(S (&
H
8 H!S3
 D s? +j%
D%(M $A6 $My 0 U
 < Z @XS~
$
f
gh G6 S7j7   &, , `S!
wŸ W F 

B Y?
@X&
 `
*aj
 f %x7 -;S2

G F   $- .
HPQS G 1, f&2
CXSh $)0    >? Â6 ‹ ; q*2
!S3j
[ D%!’
 ' 
ž7 f%:
G O $?p $,‡ G C '[ $? $6XS-
$Ÿ, k)A G $* ) O?
$(  $
7 >? !S
; 

} ESAj
 $
C
& 56 f*
D 9 G f*
w q,
 @ $  f%& M D
S
4 $)V U {Q 8
<
+?7 N G Q . G6
7 8 ƒ< 

'!3 & 56 $?
$?X:
`) 8 I wŸ 8 F <
HŸ, g {v
 +Sj
6 < 97 I , A $?X:
w
A


 $<
G gQ   
  9
M L '[ƒV 8

6  
 $x 
$A

$
}; >? À%1 k!<7 $a 2
$<
`
 ) 1 ( . w $–;7 =&S6
@ N

G = - 56 +%{
& c
+
 $9 C; >? 

[=6 c
$XS~
 j 8  >d %·
%E D& j m w
 [
XS
k
% j $9  [3 $A

H%!
56 $XyP7 & (,  k| j 8 7) 8 @XS~
6XS-j
 
•=j
6 +
 MA gQ A

 g T
5% %S, 8 F8 A

@XS~
$9 8 G  8 ES¤ F 
I s?
F 3
 ) ? c
$6XS-j
k
%
 $
„s k| G6 P{, $x 
$A

$
U< @ [XS
G H6Xd
e7
„s
4 c
$
 $XA 8  


f; RS= ‹ 8 `) 8 w fs?7 qS gQ (S6< g $A

$ H 6Xd
 ˜  pXS /* G6 P{, , ix2
k) 5, $A

$
G6 i EM=j
W r
S"P $<
}X| D6 F ; $
7 $A

$
kKM $My 0 I % j ( 8 

'!
$Xs=

) 1 (  .   4 !   ( 4C* N 101 .

25

3 %  &7 8C  I s? kZ _>
 C
# <
!M
$)0 I j $)  fs= $x 
$
56 D%& 8 % X i
C&M
$ j i%K 8 {
(S-
G >
)!
$<
@-
 r% I  
gSM

K 56 D| c G w> 2  
¡2
@XS~
H -^ t Xv=j
$<
8 $6p69  $E<
'() ! $? 
'(S*  c
$6XS-j
 $M?
$S
G6 P{, @XS~
•=j
 YZ%S
G $<
3 c
$=Xx
$)&
(SMQ  $My 0 `)  ,%Q r L G '(? fƒx HŸ, g  •=j
@A
 @XS~
 d
A

) 1 ( .  & H -^ •=j
i3 $) k3
 $<
$-2
  (" )!
$<
@-
 ») f%
$A

$
° _9
ƒ<
'(S&  ° +?78 56 O3 c
gSM
G ƒx!

K G $<
YZ%S
$
$6" ƒV $ [ )S67  I fQ;S H
%? s? $-2
w Z kX
%!
MZ%
 kX DO£ ] a&S _>


F8 G0
%2
<
$- © $K Q g%S, I . @ i3 $<
$-2
(S?) c
fK&
$ l
w •=j
F8 j  
¡2
@XS~
@A

4 „ E= 8 56 ;S
'S¸ w F
 $&3P
k3
2
MS=
`) 9%— f % 7 Xj $A

$
X6 G %% 1958 I i ~
Ž, 3 (S c
k3
2
 G ƒx!
8 $<
+?7 i%Q  ESAj
 $
f
$A

$6XS-j
 $ ,9 H G ƒx!
$<
$7
$A

HE<
bd
 $
i h

 ) c

 GM
 'S
 ` ) 2 ( . 8 !
  , W 

G6 k&S F $%&
'/* F 8 š
# '!3 
>? '/pM3 A $%&
'(SK%EQ G6  $a 2 $
) 8 $A

'!
$Xs= ) 1 (   D2 - & - ! @ S2 2 # *  = P F " "
"  "< 3"  . :  -! 4-.  -  - &   - ! 4/  / 4 2 www.iraqpatrol.com . & 29 / 1 / 2005 . ) 2 ( . " 3   :  4!  /  C  +2/ > 2 : T  :  #+ B C    A2 R  " U"
>+ 2( B+ 7  & -  -A* > -! & 
! D( :  9 / 1 / 2008 iraq4all.com . www .

26

k[ S B c

H 3%X0 +
9  $

  H;RS, I
YS^   
6%0 c
 
(6< 
 .      :    !     F $<A?
 CS %[ C 3 K 56 A

@XS~
[=6 c
$9
?, $?0% I $,&x
 $ !M
?
w> CS  _>

k[ ‚ D6 N7 i%)&
 $?0
%2
$,& bX/ $A

CS  _>

G6 P{, Q C Y XX, T0%

%
v $a 2
$
g%&
8 ƒx!
 F P6, G! B $ !M
?
G $ <
$?0%
$,&x  S
  p Z # “ *Q _!M
(-S= 
  {A 56  %<
G H9p6 H !" XS? c
HŸM
g i
p=j
 (*aj
 $%s27 ( . 8 $a 2
à  ', $
q
[  ?0%
$2
g%S I “ *Q gQ $ 3 gS6
8
+
%EA 
[ N
G • $9P
H  $
$9 –  )
[= 6 c
$6 XS-j
  6 G6 8 6 F G   «<
qX 56 ) X?3 $?0%
f3%
kK 
k)3 $ E?
 $My *
H<3 HA 0 8 | ] ‚
(   (6) q& 8 $*
I i%K%
(,
[  A
H
#  q) c
+ *Q 8 $&7 
$A

's?
“ X/
F  k- =  3 $ E?6 $My 0 $)0 H
# /
" 8 /&, &3j $& U <
A

. h 
)Sj
G ďS
 %S
'!3 $0
&
H
%6 =  & X2 $?A8 FS7 ?!— F8 7 $a 2
`
p38 (S  $ %* "8 H   7 

$
f
 $ ' G ! 
iPS3j
H * @ D 6 2003 @XS~
fy 
$
$,&x
 %?7 PQ r?[ F8 H(Z8  A

3  E $MK G! B 
)Sj
F8 ž) $A

$
's?7 $& | ! 
iPS3j
$˜ '!
% c
$a 2
`
p3;7 w> ‹ $9P f[ Z 7 $
$6<
$98 $ %:
$?£ F8 ž) X CS K $6<
G iPS3j
G9 k&S=
_>



D s? ) $ %x
( I 6<
$ ) $My *
( $?0%
(S %[ $VK 

$
+?7 F8 (Z F8 7 

27

k!< $6p? D%
@{” ) Yy
%*
$ ( D%& F8 v)? c
$
$ } 
† E2
5{S& 56 %
ƒ „PSQj
f
 D(˜ (Z $*
$2
8 $My *
} ) . 8 & $
'A k w(S? Yy
%0 $ } &2
k!7 D%


Ž)K (?X $xX2
$X 
H 2
 fp(-
kXS 3 /%& $x 
A
 My *
. 56 $XyA @XSRX $X& •#‹ } ! 56 $ %:
`
p38 vS"
& ,PSQj
>- I ({7 % $My 0 }8 & I QN
({7 $)[>2
H “ *Q (? %! My *
tSXS
9 RS $ 08 DA q L $)A (% ) 1 ( .  >‚ 56 6  c
„s
ƒ,% 56 `
p3
]>[ X6 w> <
ƒ,%  A

@XS~
H=%! ž7 QN
 H
>
G6 $My *
Hj%&2
c
w XS
 $
f3 ` 3 56 $
M
'7 $My 0 H= $X? '6 $My *
H=%!2
]>[ G6 [ƒ) @A% G $
 D
F;<


;, 6 XS-j
+ XS=j
$X? 56 kX F8 G!  k i
pSQ
I H 
]>[ H;, $A
 X!, $?0%
$ %:
 8 $?0%
$ %:
Ma X My *
+ XS=j
 t!  $0  k MS¤ ?6 $?0%
$ %:7 %<

p X?7 U9?S $7A 1)K8 $
 M
ž7 $My 0 . $6 Xd
} &2 @{” D%
A

M
H7 Y8 k!7 G0%
} &2 } (,  c
$My *
8 C
 '  C, Å _>
M
56 f%&7 (M= ›M fƒ<
 $%&
$6 Xd
 $My *
1)K8 C - ª&? $7A ƒV $& $6 XS-j
(Xs= $%
[6
%A (?=
%A 1)K8 w> 1
I (2
G “ %!£ CM= R (Q
 b F =4
F; } ž)ES žMy 0 D%

%7 žA

$) V F8  G +P&
ž7 ‚ F8 f;-M gQ8 8 $- 7 + EA4
 $[
!
$,&x7 žd ) 2 ( . ) 1 ( . 4-  - # > 2 4  / ( 103 . ) 2 (  .  C" - & ! 4:  & / / I B
< +2/ 41 % : (  * A2 * 4.  : 4  $! ) >  : 4-  B  >/  7  2007 ( 4 29 .

28

@*&7 $‚= [ ‹ $ SQ
 '(S E?6 žA

$My 0 F8 w" j E?
 $My *
`
p3
CSa,  ]
 G6 
D9 XS
c
$  D6 7 

2003 w!M 56 $Xy&
$
(S-% 8 ›, I   FW, \S7 $%A $My 0 `
p38 kK7 (, $’
C?7 I A

@XS~
'!

[ %s? @ q,
%S j $?0%
$ %:
$,& . ?
= 
# 's X?3 T0%

U<2
K%&? F  F & &&3 A $A

CŸ, HAP6 A

@XS~
$?7 (M= ›M $?0%
H
)S6j
H>Q8 $32
H)S! k ›%A A ! 
iPS3j
U< FW, $6XS-j
 q,
%S
f!, H(Z 3 $&7 
$” S
S
 $My *
$EK ’
$?0%
f3%
D EM=j
 «<
} !S H
; $A
 $My *
`
p3
ƒV $12
[ s2
CP6 H(Z _>
+v4
 + EA4
 f%&
(? 6 _ ; (< _E?
 My *
kS&
t — H87 c
H<2
 $=%=&
@  @Xd
`3 m;7 (MK G!  kA8 $ " 5a%, 0 

kQ8 $)*
i  CMK p7%[ t% _p…j
„%M
(MK X @Xd
a $ " Ž)E f
[ s k $
G6 MS? F%=&
(, v c
$ D
(s2
[ `v
. ) 1 (  i Sj
F k| 8
7  

$XS~
$9 C7 D24
G 8 %[ $
's?
$?)7 u&, u) j C=8 w" F G G! H 1ME
]>[ /
+j f&2
A

@XS~
$)S7 j : $a 2
`
p3
8 $A

1, $ %ŸM
/
+XS=
 ,  f& $;2 $Q
S 8 “)  $XÆ u) [ c
$- .
 $Q

k
%
 „s
8 0 3 7 <= >? 
 ; C D%
I  @A
%
$XS~
H &=j
kM g !
g%&
CS  _>


> 
$) _%?)
k.
$98 kM k
%6 G k f%&7 „ { A


 $
7 >? = * 7 (S  c
$& MS
H 
kMv= F8 G! j # $XS~
$
7 >? ] ‚j

>[ f1S2
H j%
CS  _>

j 
 :PS3
D6 $=x
.
`3 7 Xj (S)&68 c
fSM
 H?)
1991 3 

) 1 (  . 4:  & / / I B
< +2/ 41 % C 30 .

29

G ƒx!
?)  $6XS-j


$98 G &X6 c
H  X2
_%d
s
 _ ESAj
E
a, X?3 Cy?78 g T4
 My *
6%
56 $  yS?7 }!=
 %[ _!
iX<
 <
`%?d
q0? 
F  H
+XS=j7 %<
qX 3 $


f3 'x=
 $?0% $S<2
$?0%
$ %:7 %<
. X?3 ž3 D
K }y
D s= k, f 6 ES7 T0%
«<
9p A G H" c
H
+
-4
G ƒx!
») $Q

CS{)A  + EA4
(S&  Ca 2 &
 $ <2
 ³SM=j
H
%6 e,   $
H 
P0 
T0%

%
H
)  $3 I $  ESAj
 $
f7 @, _>
  $ £ _8 ( @M?  B c
%Xd
Ç 
³PK  56 D s?
;M!=, $%£ $  CS m k- L C)" 56 C
# . "    : #  $   =# Xx ‡ &, M= C=%! e7 H*S7  


%(Z u)

 $<  $y
 j
G6 „p 

à d
$A

$
U< $- Q „s  8  iP&Sj
 pXS H6Xd
w @*S7 qS `) $
>
(S %“ . Sj $&3P
H
%?

%?!— A $<
F 
# 

iP& H  '(-=
F  3 c
$6XS-j
 $M?
H)&
9 ‚ G ,  
A

@XS~
W r%
$K
%S Z %&
pXS
f&6 F &S6
3 

'!3 56 )A c
$A

H%!
$)V @ _!
$A

$
U< F v8 $ A $& *7 t 
>? T7 A $%&
'/* I }y
±) \
F%=&
6
%A CS378 _>
iP&Sj

G   ! 
 $a .
`%< ƒE2
 & q3 i%3 <6 $7 D6 +M
(A c
M f[ $=Xx
$ 1920 † E ) 3 
q, $&*?2
™& X?3 _!
'
q?Q
ƒ)
 g !
g%& (S&  $&*?2
`%" H 3%X0 uy 
›6 $7 a $ XSj
( E _!
<
.

 
 8

30

X?3 $ !
H*S
 )

 $= * 
$
) A  $AW7 
o [%6 G6 -
 '{ $&S $ 8  


  F
  ) 1 (  (‚
 I
q0? '&  w d
(yM3 ž7 (?7 
 i
. q&1S _!
XS
G $3 +)7 =
>  ¡ * 
@-
S
k!" & 8 $%&
'(,
[  +
S7
97
e, 

$
U< •=j

 $A D6 

[+ <= _%? = * 7 =  c
1921 U<2
w# @, 3   c
 $= * 
H
%&
@ $ !
H(-
%2
x— $ %A $  k, f I M
%X£ <
[A 8  / %  1919 . 6 + {&
G ¡ * 
bd
G!— H(-
%2
w k<, 'V  ( j8 m 8" •=P _!
e,
G $ %0 $3 +7 I 
F
p2
H H97 A $A

$
H  8 $0&˜ e,
w> $

%)
I
$)V  
  $=X
$s, £ Xj  _>
+SMSP 8 <7 = * 7 C- ; F '(X{=

I  97 X 
 8
e, {  kE, w2
E? i%)A 

 D6 

ª6 56 i 1921 ) 0 3 
% q0?2
'(x— $£ $%!© “ F2
S
i !" . ?6 ¶3 $ !
$A %
iPvS
= * 7  3 

@ 
$ %0 f[ @A%S E, w2
YA% FW, n%EÈ $™ $&
K 56 q,
 C= k7 ƒvS B k 

. M, 24 )" / 
, 1922 C, + - F7 K F8 S%!
ž $A

$= * 
 F,S $%!3 $A 

3 kQ
 ž?0&


%&© ) 1 (  % /52  1 " >"/   $ 1+ 2 :1 !2 -  - -  : 2 B .  2  F 2&/ 1 -$ I$ 4$2  -C "2 - 2!* 1917 41) -6  - * 12 > 2 -  2 ( 16C( 4  -  ( 16C  AC& A2  #$L 1  A2 * >1 2 -  -1  2   / 1   * 4: "( > N !   Q >$2 '(2 $21   -  - . @  7 7 < : 4> ! & -  - C+ 36 . ) 2 ( / / :  ; 2 4 /  :7   4 264 .

31

$   

F8 1) 
v7 I ž ž7? F%ƒ '/AP6 žS%!
@ $
 $  ESAj
. g% G! B F)

>[ F8 G 'V
56 f[˜ i%)& 

56 $= * 7 uva f
8 
$ %0  f " k½ C=8 j 

 8 k!<7 “ „
S6j
‘ A $%&


%&3 F8 I $ %A ?2
i C, =  A w# '(6 !? gQ
$&* ) 1 ( . '(2
GX, w# @ A %&
pXS
I 

@* ¯ B H,
S6j
w F8 56 ;S
!2
(
F7 

“ DA c
$ !
H(-
%2
 H aMS=j
H978 H
%?
1923  1927  1933  1945  %!  !6  &A w2
$
kE,  _9V w2
CSMQ i $ H
a ) $%A $!< H978 $?0%


f3 56 [ ‡ +
%S3j ) 2 ( . $= * 
$ K%
| f
.  H?Px
 H? <
fS, H(" &
 = * 7
XxS
H?7 HP!<2
wS 1a
  $!<2
(S&  $ !
4 G ƒx 56 @A%S
 /  &=j
56 $A

$%!
)- 

¡ * 
%-%
Š c
HAM j
. T0%
'!
%(Z $
7 @X, D6 

1921 8
HK 4 56 $= * 
f
   +&7 ; žS žS& :
 : “ $S
$) *2
 kK%2
$ j ƒE .  
 : k  k!<7 f d
$A

$
I $ !
H s, ’
DX{=

kE, w2
%[ 76 w '!3 | i.
Z 4 $= * 
f
 ‡ $%&2 • r
>= : 8 FS S
#%M?
F ƒ) 

  8
g $ 
$)V
F  $S
$
I D X{=j
[ 


k $6XS-j
HP!<2
) $)[>2
 $ y <
( YS
+)68 $
 C; $
7 

[=6 c
_ ESAj

%
$& =  c
k *6  +
%S3
56 C%!3 H= ! ‡ 
]
&S
56 HP!<2
w  ( „ { @* = * 7 I n%&? 

+&7 Š ˜ HP!<2
w YZ%

> B 7 www.aljazeera.net

) 1 (  . 4-$ -7  :    4  "/ D

& 17 / 5 / 2006 .

) 2 ( David Mcdowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 11 .

32

@A% $SM
$A

$?0%
H
&
e, kxXS G2
ƒV &&
)
&7
$ %0 $AM
 

¡ * 
%-%
Š  . $= * 
$ 6
6 E $RS=
e, i%3  •=j


kE, w2
DA A

T0%
U<2
 i 7

>[ G q&1S  ,  ; CSQ
  9 k ‡ f  p F
G’
)6 r
>=
C% iPQ $ !
H s, ’
 kE, w2
I F
S i 8 5&S
C= @ C  9 iPQ ) ‚ ]%- 8 G >
$= X
+?7 8 7 ¡ Q ;m Y FS '  $SM
$A

$ D X{=j
 '!SPd +j%
ž 8 FS 'm 4 i  
v7 I w#   c
H *){2
8 7 f% 
+
p-  56 ?&M
 

G gQ \S
D%
w# k, (  8 X F
  w)8 %-% ƒV S
*.
F   8 F
$)v
e, “ 5&S
c
5Xs 8 (,
%= 6 c
$S
$
G
+p- F%! F ƒx!
( C i%& z  )
%A H *){2
@A% @Xd
e, \S
D%
?XS-
2 ˜ 3
%
„7 8 j ?= j i
p= ‹ Y „= p , <
 ƒ.
ž7 W k%= ?= 8 
`?2
I = %  ? & ! ¡ * 
 † K M %[ ( ) 1 ( . w"j 8 _>
S
F 8
]
7  DX{=j
i3 
  $A

$
I  f d
;
kE, w2
 
$- 7 % i  (S  c
%v{
I I 56  
“? = * 7 8 „“ '(Q%" F !
wŸ  
)- $%! D $= * 
$A

f[2
56 @A%S
56 $A

1922 
>:  8 q,
 F
A

`
%?
}h  @A% 56 $&3P
D f[2
$=X
X{=
¶3 $A

$
I 
$)E6 G
A w# 7 K ' k $= * 7 %v{7 kK%2
$ j $!< (Xa 6  @ (6 U9?S2

I  % 
 D6 $ym f %E7  @ $ 
k <2
1925 X  8 F)
i%M k*7 _>
¡ * 
A

CPQ ,S6

q© q7  A $A

$%!
 
 

FS ': $%!3 k!< .  kA  F 8 A ]P6 G! !2
(
$)&3 f 6 H
 ! 8 F D6 I ƒ<= 1930 X ¡ * 
YZ%S
i h $S,j $*1X ; $ !
$ ) 1 (  . :  +2/ Q  4.  - & ! 4-  - C+ 4  "/   * #$2 A2 ) 4>  -  B  >/  7  2007 ( 1 2 4 260 .

33

Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 Page 115 Page 116 Page 117 Page 118 Page 119 Page 120 Page 121 Page 122 Page 123 Page 124 Page 125 Page 126 Page 127 Page 128 Page 129 Page 130 Page 131 Page 132 Page 133 Page 134 Page 135 Page 136 Page 137 Page 138 Page 139 Page 140 Page 141 Page 142 Page 143 Page 144 Page 145 Page 146 Page 147 Page 148 Page 149 Page 150 Page 151 Page 152 Page 153 Page 154 Page 155 Page 156 Page 157 Page 158 Page 159 Page 160 Page 161 Page 162 Page 163 Page 164 Page 165 Page 166 Page 167 Page 168 Page 169 Page 170 Page 171 Page 172 Page 173 Page 174 Page 175 Page 176 Page 177 Page 178 Page 179 Page 180 Page 181 Page 182 Page 183 Page 184 Page 185 Page 186 Page 187 Page 188 Page 189 Page 190 Page 191 Page 192 Page 193 Page 194 Page 195 Page 196 Page 197 Page 198 Page 199 Page 200

Made with FlippingBook Online newsletter