ICTToday Volume 46, Issue 3 | July/August/September 2025

Volume 46, Number 3 July/August/September 2025 EMPOWERING THE FUTURE: HOW RCDD S SHAPE THE NEXT GENERATION OF ICT TECHNICIANS THE OFFICIAL TRADE JOURNAL OF BICSI ICT TODAY

PLUS: + Scaling for the Future: Liquid Cooling’s Role in AI Data Centers + A Smart Room in the Hospital of the Future: Reimagining the Technology Footprint

contents 30 A Smart Room in the Hospital of the Future: Reimagining the Technology Footprint Modern hospitals are technologically intensive environments, featuring a growing array of sophisticated devices and systems crucial for patient well-being and operational efficiency. Supporting this technological ecosystem demands significant, forward-thinking, and resilient physical infrastructure, leading to increased demand for dedicated technology spaces. By Justin W. Hobbs 41 Exploring Solutions that Support Extended Distances Educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and enterprise-level businesses face an increasingly common conundrum. More network-connected devices are in locations that may be hard to reach or are outside the footprint of the building and beyond the traditional capabilities of standards- based copper cabling. The benchmark for performance and interoperability remains at ~100 m (328 ft); however, many organizations often need to extend their connectivity beyond this standard distance. By Todd Harpel 47 Begin with the End in Mind Since the first telegraph was sent and the evolution of standards bodies in the early 1900’s, the development of ICT over the last century has led to establishing uniform engineering or technical performance criteria, methods, processes, and practices for the manufacturing, interoperability, safety, installation, and policy for ICT devices and infrastructure. By Jerry L. Bowman

July/August/September 2025 Volume 46, Issue 3

FROM THE BOARD PRESIDENT 05 The Future of ICT Needs You By David M. Richards COVER ARTICLE 06 Empowering the Future: How RCDDs Shape the Next Generation of ICT Technicians In an increasingly interconnected world, where smart buildings, data centers, and intelligent cities are reshaping the way we live and work, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure stands as the unsung hero of modern innovation. Behind every robust ICT system lies meticulous planning, expert design, and precise implementation—domains where the expertise of BICSI-certified RCDDs ® proves indispensable. By Justin Powell 14 Scaling for the Future: Liquid Cooling’s Role in AI Data Centers This article explores why data centers deploy direct liquid cooling (DLC) and in-rack indirect liquid cooling (IILC) systems, outlines key opportunities and barriers, and addresses infrastructure considerations for cabling and coolant routing. It also covers space, structure, and scalability requirements, highlights essential monitoring parameters, and details safety and operational needs—including redundancy and resilience. By Mike Connaughton and Jacques Fluet 20 Installing ICT Networks in Harsh Environments As industries embrace digital transformation, ICT networks must deliver high performance in harsh environments such as factory floors, oil fields, and transportation corridors. These networks must withstand extreme conditions while meeting the demands of AI, edge computing, and real-time analytics. By Katherine Asbeck

CUSTOMIZED, PERMANENT, ON-SITE TERMINATIONS Made Possible by SEL’s Lynx-CustomFit™ Splice-On Connectors

The newly launched Version 3 Lynx-CustomFit ™ Splice-On Connectors make the installation process smoother than ever, leading to high-quality on-site terminations.

SUBMISSION POLICY ICT TODAY is published quarterly by BICSI, Inc. and is sent in digital format to BICSI members and credential holders. ICT TODAY welcomes and encourages submissions and suggestions from its readers. Articles of a technical, vendor-neutral nature are gladly accepted for publication with approval from the Editorial Review Board. However, BICSI, Inc., reserves the right to edit and alter such material for space or other considerations and to publish or otherwise use such material. The articles, opinions, and ideas expressed herein are the sole responsibility of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of BICSI, its members, or its staff. BICSI is not liable in any way, manner, or form for the articles’ opinions and ideas. Readers are urged to exercise professional caution in undertaking any of the recommendations or suggestions made by authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without permission from BICSI, Inc. ADVERTISING: Advertising rates and information are provided upon request. Contact BICSI for information at +1 813.769.1842 or cnalls@bicsi.org. Publication of advertising should not be deemed as endorsement by BICSI, Inc. BICSI reserves the right in its sole and absolute discretion to reject any advertisement at any time by any party. © Copyright BICSI, 2025. All rights reserved. BICSI and all other registered trademarks within are property of BICSI, Inc.

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July/August/September 2025

THE OFFICIAL TRADE JOURNAL OF BICSI ICT TODAY

From BICSI’s Board President David M. Richards, RCDD, NTS, OSP, TECH, CT

THE FUTURE OF ICT NEEDS YOU

ADVERTISER’S INDEX Sumitomo Electric.........Inside Front Cover MaxCell..................................................... 13 McGard. ................................................... 19 Adrian Steel..............................................19 newera.adriansteel.com AFL.............................................Back Cover learn.aflglobal.com BICSI INFORMATION BICSI Career Path.....................................29 BICSI Winter 2026 Call For Presenters......55

BICSI BOARD OF DIRECTORS Board President David M. Richards, RCDD, NTS, OSP, TECH, CT Board President-Elect William "Bill" Foy, RCDD, DCDC, ESS, NTS, OSP, WD Board Secretary Luke Clawson, RCDD, RTPM, GROL, MBA Board Treasurer Peter P. Charland III, RCDD, RTPM, DCDC, SMIEEE, CET, NTS, ESS, WD Board Director Ninad Desai, RCDD, NTS, OSP, TECH, CT Board Director William “Joe” Fallon, RCDD, ESS Board Director Daniel Hunter, RCDD Board Director Gilbert Romo Board Director Mark Tarrance, RCDD, RTPM Board Director Jay Thompson, RCDD Board Director James "Jim" Walters, RCDD, DCDC, OSP, RTPM, PMP, CISSP, GICSP Chief Executive Officer John H. Daniels, CNM, FACHE, FHIMSS, CPHIMS

They say the best RCDD‘s are the ones who began their careers as installers. I first heard that phrase from one of our great association’s founders. Is there a motivated installer who you can picture blossoming into a future designer or project manager? Share this issue of ICT Today with them. Ever have a small project that you did not have the time or resources available to do a full design on? Try asking a skilled installer to produce a rough draft for you to work from. You may be surprised. As an instructor for the past 25 years, I have found that you can learn something new from just about anyone, even those you mentor with little or no experience. As you know, our trade, like many others, is experiencing a large deficit in skilled installers required to support the massive ICT spectrum that has stemmed from the constant evolution of converged technologies. I was asked recently at an ICT Forum what we could do to find more skilled installers. While we can all produce a few ideas, I think one of the best ones I have witnessed over the years is when somebody takes another under their wing and teaches them the ropes. Look around the industry. How many sons of sons or cousins of cousins or daughters or other family members have shown the next generation how rewarding it can be to learn a trade? Did you know that our largest demographic by far in the ICT community is our installer base? Installers have proven repeatedly to be one of our best recruiting assets.

Career paths are rarely an intuitive journey. I always tell my students the same story. We do not have a “Cabling University” out there filled with lecturers or career counselors. There are no college football or college basketball teams that represent the future grads of the ICT industry. What we do have for the next generation is BICSI and the BICSI Community. BICSI has well-defined paths to various industry credentials that empower motivated individuals with the tools and networking opportunities that often open doors leading to life-changing career paths they simply never knew existed. The theme for this issue of ICT Today is: “The Future of ICT from an Installation Perspective.” I challenge anyone who has read this far through my letter to be the one who makes a difference in another installer’s career. Open a door and show them the possibilities that are out there. You might just be surprised where they end up leading themselves from there, and how rewarding it can be for you.

EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Beatriz Bezos, RCDD, DCDC, ESS, NTS, OSP, PE, PMP Jonathan L. Jew F. Patrick Mahoney, RCDD, CDT PUBLISHER BICSI, Inc., 8610 Hidden River Pkwy., Tampa, FL 33637-1000 Phone: +1 813.979.1991 Web: bicsi.org EDITOR Dan Brown, icttodayeditor@bicsi.org

ICT TODAY NEEDS WRITERS ICT Today is BICSI’s premier publication for authoritative, vendor-neutral coverage and insight on next generation and emerging technologies, standards, trends, and applications in the global ICT community. Consider sharing your industry knowledge and expertise by becoming a contributing writer to this informative publication. Contact icttodayeditor@bicsi.org if you are interested in submitting an article.

Best regards,

David M. Richards, RCDD, NTS, OSP, TECH, CT President, Board of Directors Quality & Training Manager - Global Solutions Integration Black Box Network Services

PUBLICATION STAFF Clarke Hammersley, Consultant Editor Jeff Giarrizzo, Director, Technical Publications

ADVERTISING SALES +1 813.979.1991 or cnalls@bicsi.org

Allen Dean, Manager, Standards and Publications Operations Mark "Line" Cansino, Senior Graphic Designer & Project Manager

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Yet, this demand brings challenges. Technicians must be proficient in both traditional methods and cutting-edge technologies. They must understand design principles, installation techniques, safety standards, and emerging protocols. In short, they need guidance—and this is where RCDDs can become critical assets to the industry. WHO ARE RCDDs? RCDDs are ICT professionals who have demonstrated advanced knowledge in the design, integration, and implementation of telecommunications infrastructure. The RCDD credential is globally recognized and reflects a rigorous understanding of structured cabling systems, pathways and spaces, grounding and bonding, network design, and applicable codes and standards (e.g. BICSI, TDMM 15 th Edition). To earn the RCDD designation, candidates must meet stringent prerequisites, including documented work experience in ICT design and pass a comprehensive exam that covers everything from technical design practices to project management. This exam takes hundreds of hours of study of the Telecommunications Distribution Design Manual ( TDMM ), a technical reference spanning 1,935 pages of multi-faceted design standards and best practices, in addition to multiple years of experience in the field to understand the world of ICT. The credential must be renewed regularly, which ensures that RCDDs stay current with the latest industry developments. 2 What distinguishes RCDDs is not just knowledge but the capacity to lead. Most of all, experience makes RCDDs ideal mentors for entry-level technicians and a vital resource for organizations investing in workforce development. COLLABORATION WITH INDUSTRY STAKEHOLDERS RCDDs serve as vital liaisons between multiple stakeholders in the ICT value chain. They often work with engineers, architects, facility managers, contractors, estimators, schedulers, and IT departments to translate design intent into actionable blueprints. When mentoring technicians, RCDDs can pass on this collaborative ethos, helping

the next generation develop cross-functional communication skills. 3

This collaborative training cultivates professionals who can:

• Navigate construction timelines and trade sequencing.

• Interpret and communicate the intent of technical specifications.

• Coordinate with inspection authorities (AHJs) and project managers.

• Communicate with clients about system functionality and maintenance.

Empowering the Future: How RCDDs Shape the Next Generation of ICT Technicians By Justin Powell In an increasingly interconnected world, where smart buildings, data centers, and intelligent cities are

By embedding this cross-disciplinary fluency into their mentorship, RCDDs can enable technicians to become key contributors on project teams—not just laborers.

a culture of innovation and standards compliance, RCDDs can be instrumental in preparing aspiring technicians for success in a field that is more dynamic and essential than ever. THE EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF ICT The ICT industry is experiencing unprecedented growth and transformation. Driven by trends such as digital transformation, the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G deployment, cloud computing, and even AI, the demand for high-performance, reliable, and secure communication systems has skyrocketed. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in computer and information technology occupations is projected to grow 15 percent from 2021 to 2031, much faster than the average for all occupations. 1 This boom reflects the necessity for skilled workers not only in software and network administration, but also in the physical layer of ICT— where structured cabling systems, both copper and optical fiber, and wireless infrastructure form the backbone of digital connectivity.

reshaping the way we live and work, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure stands as the unsung hero of modern innovation. Behind every robust ICT system lies meticulous planning, expert design, and precise implementation— domains where the expertise of a BICSI-certified Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD ® ) proves indispensable. RCDDs are highly respected professionals whose training and certification denote mastery in telecommunications and data communications design. However, the impact of RCDDs extends far beyond project blueprints and technical specifications. They serve as educators, mentors, and industry leaders who can empower the next generation of BICSI ICT technicians to meet the challenges of a rapidly evolving technological landscape. This article explores the pivotal role that RCDDs can play in shaping the future workforce of ICT. From mentorship and technical instruction to fostering

RCDDs serve as vital liaisons between multiple stakeholders in the ICT value chain. They often work with engineers, architects, facility managers, contractors, estimators, schedulers, and IT departments to translate design intent into actionable blueprints.

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RCDDs AS MENTORS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE In many technical fields, an inherent disconnect exists between classroom instruction and field application. While vocational schools and certification programs offer foundational knowledge, they often lack the depth and context needed to excel in real-world scenarios. This is particularly true in ICT, where site conditions, client needs, and project timelines can dramatically affect installation practices. RCDDs can fill this gap by translating theoretical knowledge into practical expertise. Mentorship can provide apprentices and junior technicians with opportunities to apply what they learned in real-time scenarios under the supervision of a seasoned professional. KEY AREAS OF MENTORSHIP Blueprint/Drawing Reading and Interpretation Understanding schematics, floor plans, and construction documents is essential for proper ICT deployment. RCDDs can teach technicians how to interpret complex diagrams, identify key elements, and plan installations accordingly.

Structured Cabling Best Practices Installation techniques for copper and optical fiber cabling, labeling standards, cable routing, and termination methods are all areas where RCDDs can provide hands-on training. They can emphasize neatness, efficiency, and future scalability. Code Compliance and Safety Standards ICT installations must adhere to standards such as ISO/IEC, CENELEC, ANSI/TIA, NFPA, and codes such as the NEC and CEC, and other applicable local building codes. RCDDs can ensure that technicians not only understand these regulations but also apply them consistently. Emerging Technologies and Trends As the industry evolves, so do the tools and systems used. RCDDs can guide new technicians through developments such as power over Ethernet (PoE), single pair Ethernet, passive optical LANs, wireless access point deployments, fault managed power, and converged infrastructure.

Troubleshooting and Quality Assurance Diagnosing network problems, conducting

technology. In such cases, trainees can witness firsthand how design standards, flexibility, and field experience converge to produce effective solutions. This immersive learning model can accelerate skill acquisition and build confidence in technicians. Furthermore, the design-centric perspective of an RCDD can equip technicians with a holistic view of project execution. Rather than simply performing tasks, apprentices are encouraged to understand the "why" behind each step—a critical factor in developing autonomous, forward-thinking professionals. TRAINING PATHWAYS: HOW RCDDs ENGAGE WITH NEW TECHNICIANS There are several avenues through which RCDDs can engage with and train emerging talent: • Apprenticeship Programs : Apprenticeship models are ideal for nurturing ICT skills. In such programs, RCDDs often act as senior instructors, guiding apprentices through a structured learning path that combines classroom instruction with fieldwork. This model allows for progressive skill development, feedback, and assessment. • Internal Company Training : Many organizations leverage in-house expertise by designating RCDDs to lead internal training programs. These may include onboarding sessions, safety briefings, skills labs, and certifications tailored to the company’s specific service offerings. • Formal Education Partnerships : Some RCDDs partner with vocational schools, community colleges, or technical training centers to shape curricula, serve as guest lecturers, or mentor students through capstone projects. These partnerships help bridge the educational and professional worlds. • Industry Events and BICSI Engagement : Through BICSI’s ongoing professional development programs, RCDDs often participate as instructors, speakers, or mentors. These activities expand their reach and expose technicians to a broader professional network.

performance tests, and ensuring compliance with design specifications are crucial skills. RCDDs can teach systematic approaches to problem-solving and quality checks. Instilling a Culture of Excellence and Lifelong Learning The influence of RCDDs goes beyond technical instruction. By modeling professionalism, a commitment to standards, and a drive for continual improvement, they can instill a culture of excellence in those they mentor. Soft Skills Development While technical aptitude is important, soft skills are equally vital in the ICT field. Communication, teamwork, leadership, time management, and customer service are all areas where RCDDs can lead by example. Whether dealing with clients, collaborating with engineers, or leading a team, technicians who develop these competencies early in their careers are better equipped to advance. Ethics and Responsibility RCDDs can also emphasize the ethical dimensions of ICT work. This includes data privacy, system security, and responsibilities to the end user. By fostering a sense of accountability and pride in their work, RCDDs can help shape technicians who are conscientious and trustworthy. BUILDING TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS THROUGH REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE While textbooks and coursework lay the theoretical foundation for ICT training, nothing can replicate the depth of knowledge gained through real-world experience. RCDDs can offer apprentices the invaluable advantage of learning on the job, where the unpredictable nature of installation environments demands creative problem-solving and adaptability. For example, an RCDD leading a team on a university campus network upgrade may encounter outdated infrastructure, unexpected architectural constraints, or legacy systems incompatible with new

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Despite the benefits, challenges persist. Time constraints, budget pressures, and uneven access to experienced RCDDs can hinder training efforts. Additionally, rapid technological change can outpace even the most current training programs.

• Field shadowing with rotating assignments on active job sites.

• Skills labs focused on copper and optical fiber cable termination, cable testing, and cabinet/rack fit-out installation.

• Weekly quizzes and a capstone project involving the mock design of a telecommunications room.

However, these challenges also present opportunities:

• Digital Training Platforms : Leveraging online modules and virtual reality simulations can supplement field training. • Mentorship Networks : BICSI and industry partners can facilitate and expand regional, nationwide, or global mentorship initiatives. • Cross-Training Initiatives : Technicians trained under RCDDs can become trainers themselves, multiplying the impact. SCALING IMPACT THROUGH INNOVATION The ability of RCDDs to scale their mentorship through technology is becoming increasingly important. Forward-thinking RCDDs are already incorporating digital tools into their training ecosystems, such as:

By the end of the program, recruits demonstrate marked improvements in performance, reduced rework rates, and increased confidence. More importantly, the company now has a sustainable pipeline of trained talent, reducing its dependence on external hiring. PREPARING FOR TOMORROW: RCDDs AND THE FUTURE OF ICT As technology continues to evolve, the need for adaptable, well-rounded ICT technicians will only intensify. RCDDs are positioned to be not just trainers of the current workforce; they can also be subject matter experts of the future. Their ability to foresee emerging needs—such as infrastructure to support smart cities, green buildings, and the Internet of Everything (IoE)— positions them as strategic assets. When RCDDs mentor technicians, they are not just teaching tasks, they are shaping mindsets.

Photo from the Cabling Skills Challenge at the 2025 BICSI Winter Conference.

THE ROLE OF STANDARDS IN SHAPING FUTURE-READY TECHNICIANS An essential part of RCDD mentorship involves imparting a deep respect for industry standards. In ICT, standards are not just bureaucratic hurdles, they serve as the framework that ensures optimal interoperability, safety, and performance. RCDDs are authorities on:

build muscle memory around compliance. This attention to detail helps organizations minimize costly rework, liability, and downtime, while ensuring infrastructure remains scalable and sustainable. CASE STUDY: RCDDs IN ACTION Consider the example of a mid-sized ICT contractor specializing in structured cabling for healthcare facilities. With a growing backlog of projects and a shortage of skilled labor, the company designates its senior RCDD as the leader of a technician development program. The program begins with identifying high-potential recruits from local trade schools and military transition programs. Under the guidance of the RCDD, recruits undergo an intensive 6-month onboarding process that includes:

• Augmented reality (AR) for virtual walkthroughs and installations.

This future-forward thinking includes:

• Learning management systems (LMS) for structured e-learning paths.

• Sustainability Practices : Teaching efficient use of materials, environmentally conscious design, and e-waste management. • Cybersecurity Awareness : Highlighting the role of physical infrastructure in digital security, such as secure cabling, access controls, and tamper- proof installations. • Innovation Leadership : Encouraging exploration of new tools, software, and AI-based design methodologies that can streamline workflows.

• Remote mentorship through video conferencing and collaborative platforms.

• National or regional cabling standards such as ISO/ IEC, CENELEC, or ANSI/TIA.

• AI-powered design tools that simulate system builds and fault scenarios.

• National or regional codes such as those like NEC, produced by NFPA, and the CEC produced by CSA.

These innovations not only make training more accessible and efficient but can also prepare technicians for an industry where digital tools are integral to daily operations.

• BICSI best practices and manuals (e.g., latest TDMM).

By integrating codes and standards into day-to-day training, RCDDs can ensure that future technicians

• Weekly classroom-style lessons on codes, standards, and design principles.

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CHAMPIONING TECHNOLOGICAL LITERACY AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION In an era defined by digital transformation, the ICT technician's role is no longer limited to cable pulling and punch-downs. As networks grow more intelligent and software-defined, RCDDs can be at the forefront of training technicians to think digitally.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY: Justin Powell RCDD, TECH, C.P.I., is a military veteran who began his career in the ICT industry as a field technician and steadily advanced to become a Network Design Engineer and RCDD at By Light Professional IT Services LLC. With more than 12 years of experience, he has traveled the world designing and implementing network infrastructure for mission-critical systems and government contracts. Justin is passionate about developing others, having created training programs for field technicians, safety protocols, and targeted assessment tools to support team development and project readiness. His leadership fosters both technical excellence and professional growth among fellow engineers and technicians. REFERENCES: 1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023). Occupational Outlook Handbook: Computer and Information Technology Occupations. Retrieved from www.bls.gov 2. BICSI. (2024). BICSI RCDD® Certification Handbook. Retrieved from www.bicsi.org/docs/default- source/default-document-library/RCDD-Cred- Handbook-2024_Final_Version15.pdf

INNERDUCT THAT FITS IN SMART CITIES Whether you want to overbuild an

This includes instruction in:

• IP networking fundamentals.

• Integration of building management systems (BMS) and other specialty systems (e.g. AV, ESS).

existing network or deploy new cable, MaxCell will provide the right solution to maximize the efficiency of your network infrastructure. Network owners and builders use MaxCell to increase their cable density by as much as 300%, preserving space for future bandwidth and reducing total project costs.

• IoT device deployment and management.

• Cloud and edge connectivity.

By exposing technicians to the broader technological ecosystem, RCDDs can encourage continuous curiosity and upskilling. This approach can ensure technicians are not only installers but also integrators—capable of navigating hybrid environments that combine physical infrastructure with software-based systems. A report by Deloitte highlights that “digital literacy will soon become a prerequisite for all skilled trades,” and ICT is no exception. 4 The leadership of RCDDs can ensure that new entrants into the field are prepared for this paradigm shift.

3. Legrand, "The Value of a Holistic ICT Design Approach," 2021

CMY

4. Deloitte Insights. (2022). The Future of Work in the Skilled Trades. Retrieved from www.deloitte.com

UTILITY SOLUTIONS • Demand Response Systems • Renewable Energy Integration • Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) • Outage Management Systems • Distributed Energy Resource Management • Smart Water Management • Smart Grid & Energy Efficiency

TRANSIT SOLUTIONS ▪ Smart Traffic Signals ▪ IoT-Based Traffic Monitoring ▪ Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

CONCLUSION: A LEGACY BUILT ON LEADERSHIP

▪ Automated Toll Collection ▪ Smart Parking Solutions ▪ Public Transit Optimization ▪ Autonomous Public Transport

In the dynamic world of ICT, where every connection matters and every signal carries critical information, the role of skilled technicians is fundamental. Their legacy is not just in the cables they lay or the systems they design—but in the people they inspire. In empowering the next generation, RCDDs can ensure that the networks of tomorrow are in capable hands. And behind every competent technician, there often stands a mentor—a guide—an RCDD.

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ADVANTAGES OF LIQUID COOLING IN AI DATA CENTERS Many liquid cooling deployments are driven by compute-intensive workloads that require higher performance and thermal design power (TDP) than conventional applications. Generative AI (GenAI), for example, relies on graphics processing units (GPUs) that deliver up to 12 times the processing performance of general purpose CPUs. Beyond performance, data center operators increasingly prioritize energy efficiency, lower operational costs, and improved hardware reliability. Liquid cooling helps maintain optimal operating temperatures, reducing thermal-induced failures and extending equipment lifespan. It also supports heat reuse strategies by capturing and redirecting waste heat to nearby systems or buildings—advancing both sustainability and energy efficiency goals. Liquid cooling further reduces facility-wide water consumption and decreases reliance on high speed fans. Immersion cooling, in particular, can optimize space by eliminating traditional hot and cold aisle layouts. Some configurations also support concurrent maintainability—allowing operators to service or replace rack-level components without taking the system offline. Although overall data center energy demands may increase over time, liquid cooling can improve total cost of ownership (TCO) by increasing thermal efficiency and reducing cooling-related energy consumption. LIQUID COOLING ARCHITECTURES: DLC AND IILC EXPLAINED Liquid cooling systems are generally categorized as either DLC or IILC. DLC uses a liquid coolant— typically water or dielectric fluid—to transfer heat directly from electronic components. It provides significantly higher efficiency than traditional air cooling, especially for infrastructure with high thermal design power (TDP) ratings. There are two primary types of DLC configurations. In direct-to-chip (DTC) cooling, liquid is pumped

through cold plates attached to heat-generating components, with air cooling handling any remaining thermal load. In immersion cooling, entire servers are submerged in a dielectric liquid that absorbs and dissipates heat. Both DTC and immersion systems can operate in single-phase or two-phase modes. Single-phase systems circulate liquid continuously through a heat exchanger without phase change, while two-phase systems use engineered fluids that evaporate during heat absorption and condense back into liquid form. Some hybrid systems combine DTC and immersion within a single deployment. Unlike DLC, IILC removes heat from exhaust air at the rack or server level using liquid-based components such as rear door heat exchangers (RDHx). While IILC is less efficient than DLC, it significantly outperforms traditional room- or row-level air cooling and is easier to integrate into existing deployments. RDHx units can operate as standalone solutions or integrate with DTC systems for optimized thermal performance. OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS Despite its benefits, liquid cooling deployments remain relatively limited compared to traditional air cooling, which offers proven reliability, lower initial costs, and broad industry familiarity. In contrast, liquid cooling typically requires higher upfront capital investment in specialized infrastructure and equipment, particularly in retrofit scenarios. Adoption on a broader scale has been slow due to challenges, including a lack of standardized metrics, design best practices, and performance benchmarks for liquid cooling systems. While issues like skilled labor shortages and evolving supply chains affect the entire data center industry, they can complicate liquid cooling deployments in particular. Additionally, restrictions on refrigerants with high global warming potential (GWP) and dielectric fluids containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals introduce environmental and compliance complexities. Concerns about long term reliability and limited rack level redundancy further contributes to operators' hesitation to adopt this promising capability.

Scaling for the Future: Liquid Cooling’s Role in AI Data Centers

By Mike Connaughton and Jacques Fluet

The TIA-942 standard has been a resource for global data center design and implementation for many years. The “c” revision (ANSI/TIA-942-C) was released in May 2024, and it covers a variety of aspects such as physical infrastructure, cabling, power, cooling, redundancy, and security. Data centers must support increasingly higher rack power densities as compute-intensive artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) workloads scale. At the same time, operators are aiming to reduce energy consumption, extend equipment life, lower costs, and comply with stringent regulatory requirements. To meet these demands, many AI data center operators are considering liquid cooling solutions, which use water or dielectric fluids to transfer heat up to 20 times more efficiently than air. Despite these advantages, liquid cooling introduces a range of new design, operational, and infrastructure challenges. This article explores why data centers deploy direct liquid cooling (DLC) and in-rack indirect liquid cooling (IILC) systems, outlines key opportunities and barriers, and addresses infrastructure considerations for cabling and coolant routing. It also covers space, structure, and scalability requirements, highlights essential monitoring parameters, and details safety and operational needs— including redundancy and resilience.

To meet these demands, many AI data center operators are considering liquid cooling solutions, which use water or dielectric fluids to transfer heat up to 20 times more efficiently than air.

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SPACE, STRUCTURE, AND SCALABILITY Liquid cooling systems require dedicated space for circulation and distribution, affecting both floor loading and ceiling-mounted (hanging) capacity in AI data centers. To accommodate future growth, system design should prioritize flexibility, maintainability, and modularity. Design considerations vary across DTC, immersion, and RDHx implementations, with each introducing distinct structural demands. DTC adds weight from piping, liquid lines, pumps, and cooling distribution units (CDUs). Immersion systems impose the greatest load due to the volume of dielectric fluid and supporting infrastructure, while RDHx increases floor loading through liquid weight, piping, and heavier rear door assembly. All three systems require coordinated pipe and cable routing to maintain accessibility. Quick-coupling connectors and shutoff valves are essential to support maintenance and expansion without disrupting live operations. Leak management is also critical: DTC and RDHx systems typically use drip trays, sealed couplers, and leak sensors, while immersion systems may incorporate double-walled tanks for fortified containment. Pipe sizing should account for future capacity, and CDUs in DTC, immersion, and RDHx deployments must scale accordingly. Filtration requirements vary by system and should align with allowable particle size to ensure long-term thermal performance and reliability. KEY LIQUID COOLING MONITORING PARAMETERS Real-time monitoring helps maintain the performance, reliability, and safety of liquid cooling in AI data centers. Key operational parameters include: • Temperature and Volume: Monitor liquid temperature at system ingress and egress points— at the rack manifold for DTC, at the rack for immersion, and at the rear door for RDHx. Volume tracking varies by system. DTC systems monitor volume to support server additions or removals, immersion systems track fluid level in the tank, and RDHx systems measure total liquid volume.

REDUNDANCY AND RESILIENCE Redundancy is a foundational design requirement in liquid-cooled AI data centers, where new components and rack-level failure points must be addressed from the outset. Across DTC, immersion, and RDHx systems, redundancy should extend to new components: pumps, distribution pipes, CDUs, and heat exchangers. These systems are typically backed by dual power feeds, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and emergency power protocols to ensure availability. CDUs and pumps are often configured for load sharing to enable seamless failover during maintenance or component failure. DTC systems require additional safeguards due to minimal thermal inertia and high heat flux. They rely on redundant rack manifolds, server couplings, dual pumps, and heat rejection units with automatic switchover to maintain continuous coolant flow. In immersion and RDHx deployments, redundancy is typically built into CDUs and fluid distribution paths.

• Pressure and Quality: Measure liquid pressure at the pump across all three systems. Fluid quality is critical, as impurities can clog DTC cold plates, cause failures in immersion systems, and reduce heat exchange efficiency in RDHx. • Leak Detection and Environmental Monitoring: All liquid cooling systems require leak detection to prevent fluid loss and equipment damage. Air quality monitoring for two-phase vapor leaks applies to DTC and immersion systems but is not required for RDHx. Dew point monitoring— tracking both temperature and humidity— is important across all systems to prevent condensation.

Nevertheless, liquid cooling is positioned for significant growth. According to Grand View Research, cloud and hyperscale operators are expected to lead the market, which is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 24 percent over the next decade. 1 Additionally, a recent survey suggests that more than one-third of enterprise data centers plan to implement some form of liquid cooling by 2026. 2 As adoption accelerates, operators will continue to evaluate technical, operational, and regulatory considerations to guide deployment strategies. INFRASTRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR CABLING AND COOLANT ROUTING Integrating liquid cooling into AI data center rows and racks requires careful cabling infrastructure planning. Space must be allocated for liquid distribution components, including piping, manifolds, and airflow paths. In DTC systems, racks must accommodate both liquid cooling manifolds and rear airflow, while cable trays should allow space for cooling system pipes. Racks may require added depth for RDHx to support thicker rear doors to route cables and manifolds— especially when combined with DTC systems. Immersion cooling introduces additional operational requirements. All cabling must exit from the top of the rack, and any portion submerged in coolant must be chemically compatible with the fluid. Material compatibility is critical for both cabling and coolant. Cabling considerations include sheath and connector integrity, mechanical durability, electrical or optical performance, signal integrity, and compliance with flame rating and labeling standards. Fluid-related factors span potential contamination from cable materials, impact on thermal performance, and effects on system characteristics such as viscosity, filtering, and pump reliability.

SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Liquid cooling deployments introduce distinct safety and operational requirements that vary by system type. Each approach requires updates to standard operating procedures, maintenance protocols, and emergency plans, along with specialized training for AI data center support personnel. Operators must monitor liquid and pipe temperatures across all systems. Coolants should be non-toxic, recyclable, and nonflammable to minimize environmental and health risks. To reduce slip hazards from leaks or drips, system designs should incorporate containment strategies and appropriate floor treatments. Weight is another critical consideration in DTC systems, which must account for the weight of individual servers. Immersion cooling, particularly with horizontal racks, requires provisions for safely lifting and removing heavy servers during maintenance. RDHx systems require structural support and handling procedures to manage the added weight of rear door assemblies. Personal protective equipment (PPE)—such as gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing—is essential across all systems, with added emphasis on immersion cooling, where coolant handling and server access are more frequent. Operational procedures must also address new server and rack configurations, as well as the coolant distribution infrastructure.

Liquid cooling enables AI data centers to support increasing power densities driven by GPU-based workloads, while reducing energy use for thermal management, extending equipment lifecycles, and advancing sustainability and regulatory goals.

ICT TODAY

July/August/September 2025

However, successful deployment requires careful planning across infrastructure, operations, and safety systems. Many of the considerations outlined in this article remain vendor-specific and lack standardized, widely adopted solutions. As with any emerging technology, early adoption and pilot deployments are key to shaping best practices and identifying optimal design frameworks. As the liquid cooling ecosystem evolves, new standardized and scalable solutions will emerge, and TIA will incorporate these best practices in future editions of the TIA-942 standard. In the meantime, AI data center operators must strategically weigh trade- offs to ensure they are positioned to adopt and benefit from more resilient, efficient, and cost-effective technologies. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES: Mike Connaughton is currently Senior Product Manager for Leviton Network Solutions and has 30+ years of experience with optical fiber cabling. He is responsible for strategic data center planning, technical account support, and alliances. Mike received his BSEET degree from Wentworth Institute of Technology (Boston, MA) in 1990 and has been involved in optical fiber cable engineering ever since. He can be reached at mike.connaughton@leviton.com. Jacques Fluet has more than 30 years of experience in telecommunications, including leadership roles at Nortel and Ericsson. He has extensive experience in global product introduction projects, leading diverse teams in product development, verification, and customer trials. As TIA's former Director of Data Center Program, Jacques contributed to technology programs related to 5G, service assurance, smart buildings, and data centers. He can be reached at jfluet@tiaonline.org. SOURCES: 1. Hyperscale Computing Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023 – 2030 , Grand View Research 2. Tobias Mann, More than a third of enterprise data centers expect to deploy liquid cooling by 2026 , The Register

Redundancy configurations vary by workload criticality. Inference workloads—latency-sensitive and customer-facing—typically use 2N configurations with fully mirrored power and cooling paths. Training workloads may adopt N+1 setups, balancing fault tolerance with cost efficiency. In high-density AI training clusters, where heat flux is extreme and thermal transients can exceed 1°C per second, even brief cooling disruptions can degrade performance or damage equipment. To improve both resilience and operational flexibility, many AI data centers are adopting hybrid cooling strategies and modular infrastructure. Hybrid deployments—such as RDHx paired with split air/ liquid systems—allow for maintenance without interrupting workloads. Modular CDUs, immersion tanks, and piping loops support scalable growth while integrating redundancy at the component level. Together, these strategies help liquid-cooled environments achieve power usage effectiveness (PUE) ratings as low as 1.05+ – 1.07+, well below the average of 1.5+ for air-cooled systems. In addition to rack-level planning, liquid cooling influences broader aspects of data center design. Higher power densities may require increased capacity from primary power sources and distribution paths. Heat rejection infrastructure—such as dry coolers or heat exchangers—may require additional external space. During system failover events, rapid temperature rise in the technology cooling system (TCS) requires active redundancy to ensure a safe, seamless transition. CONCLUSION Liquid cooling enables AI data centers to support increasing power densities driven by GPU-based workloads, while reducing energy use for thermal management, extending equipment lifecycles, and advancing sustainability and regulatory goals.

ICT TODAY

July/August/September 2025

What sets these applications apart are the harsh environmental conditions, including high heat, moisture, vibration, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). 1 For example, optical fiber networks in steel mills must endure intense heat and mechanical stress, while those in wastewater facilities must resist corrosion and moisture. Addressing these challenges requires ruggedized components and resilient network designs capable of maintaining uptime and performance despite physical and environmental stressors. The expansion of ICT networks in these sectors is not only about connectivity—it is about engineering networks that can thrive in environments where failure is not an option. The Urgency of Reliable Infrastructure Emerging technologies such as AI, machine learning, and edge computing are revolutionizing industrial operations, enabling real-time decision-making, automation, and predictive analytics. These capabilities, however, depend on networks that deliver high bandwidth, low latency, and uninterrupted performance—even in the harshest environments. In these industrial applications, the volume and speed of data are unprecedented. Sensors generate continuous streams of information that feed into intelligent systems, which analyze, learn, and act in real time. Edge computing further enhances this process by reducing latency and enabling immediate responses to critical events. This evolution places pressure on network infrastructure to be not only fast but also resilient and scalable.

To meet these demands, organizations must design robust networks that can withstand environmental stress while supporting advanced applications— because in these mission-critical settings, downtime is not an option. MARKET FORCES SHAPING THE FUTURE Infrastructure Investment Trends Recent government initiatives to remake America into a manufacturing superpower have led to several billion dollar investments, especially in AI, automotive, pharmaceutical, and energy sectors. In addition, key legislative acts such as the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) and Science Act have provided substantial funding and tax incentives to bolster these sectors. 2 The nationwide transportation sector is also going through a large-scale expansion and upgrade, from airports and seaports to highways and roadways, resulting in significant growth of intelligent transportation systems. 3, 4 These investments are set to modernize the country's infrastructure, address critical needs in various sectors, and ensure long term economic growth and stability. Many of these largescale projects utilize state-of-the-art technologies, which drive the demand for higher bandwidths and lower latencies to ensure seamless data transfer and real time analysis. This positions optical fiber as an integral enabler of future technological growth in these sectors.

Installing ICT Networks in Harsh Environments By Katherine Asbeck with contributions from Gayla Arrindell

As industries embrace digital transformation, ICT networks must deliver high performance in harsh environments such as factory floors, oil fields, and transportation corridors. These networks must withstand extreme conditions while meeting the demands of AI, edge computing, and real-time analytics. RELIABLE INFRASTRUCTURE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS The Rise of Harsh Environment ICT Applications The accelerating pace of digital transformation across industries is driving demand for ICT networks capable of operating under extreme conditions. Industrial sectors such as manufacturing, utilities, and transportation are increasingly reliant on robust infrastructure to ensure reliability. For example, smart

However, labor shortages, complex installations, and environmental challenges are slowing progress as data demands continue to surge. This article explores how ruggedized, pre-terminated optical fiber can simplify deployment, reduce reliance on specialized labor, and enable scalable networks in the most challenging settings.

factories depend on real-time data and automation to optimize production, utilities require continuous monitoring and control of vital systems, and intelligent transportation systems rely on seamless connectivity to manage traffic flow, logistics, and safety. These critical applications are pushing ICT deployments into environments that challenge conventional infrastructure.

ICT TODAY

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