space, and in the first Bachelet administration, the implementation of a memorial was advocated[L7]. In addition, the park is the last existing link of the riverside ecosystem in the city of Temuco because the advance of the city contracts the rest. That is the importance of the park in terms of ecological strategy. However, the park is also the place where the ability to capture urban waters that do not have a pre-established order and where there are no rainwater management systems is created -or could be created because it has not happened that way-. The park's strategy is to conceive the design from the point of view of its condition as a recipient of these potential waters that can transform a negative impact into a positive asset by regulating and establishing them. Then, this water begins to be modeled. This modeling is not so much related to the construction of civil works, as it is usually done, but mainly to create solutions based on nature. In this case, in the recovery of the floodable condition of these sectors from the projection of wetlands to create this controlled flooding that at the same time contributes to returning something that at some point this territory lost, which was the ability to interact with the river water. After the MOP's interventions and other urban edge infrastructures, these areas dried up and the memory of the water in the park disappeared. This intervention contributes to solving a great urban problem, but at the same time, it contributes to recovering that memory by creating significant spaces for the park. José Rosas R The most powerful thing about the park is to understand it on a macro scale. If all those blue stripes were trees... the city would become naturalized. What the French landscape architect Gilles Clément says: the park is not an exterior thing, a garden from the outside, but it is part of an urban interior. Osvaldo Moreno R Cautín Park can be understood as a link. The project makes other “pieces of landscape” appear that until then were invisible. The Cautín appears, by the way, as a river that did not have much relation with the city's image. The Ñielol and the Conun Huenu hill appear, which have a symbolic cultural significance for the identity of the Mapuche culture; these axes also appear and are no longer considered only vehicle axes. Unlike other urban parks, which are administered and maintained by MINVU, the Municipality has insisted on managing it, with all that this implies. Yves Besançon R That is why we need the Urban Tree Law or Urban Parks Law because municipalities do not have a sufficient budget. Osvaldo Moreno R Nevertheless, and hand in hand with the support we have provided through other projects financed by Corfo, we have also been able to research and propose that parks are no longer a financial burden for the municipalities, but rather, on the contrary, an asset that can promote certain local economies. Here we are not talking about an Excel of income and expenses. We are talking about environmental health, ecosystem services, and how much the city saves by avoiding floods. We are also talking about the ability to improve certain atmospheric and cultural conditions and the development of tourism. These are all factors that we have been able to confirm. To date, the park has documented more than two million visitors over these two years, an amount equivalent to that of O'Higgins and Bicentennial Park in Santiago. It is important to point out that the ability of parks to become attractions and accommodate citizen demands, as has happened here, implies foresight in the design. It has had to do with a strategy of program configuration so that they are capable of hosting activities that in some cases are set and others conceived as multipurpose plat- forms. When we were designing it, this was not very well understood. We were talking about, for example, Plaza del Encuentro, Plaza de las Tradiciones, or even the soccer field. Today, these spaces are the ones that can accommodate massive events of around thirty or forty thousand people, without affecting the conservation of the park's
to the design of green spaces, but rather to understand them as the ability to orchestrate territorial systems that are constituted as resilient infrastructures and adapt to the challenges that we face today in terms of climate change. The park is a link in this idea of infrastructure that has been consoli- dated from academia, but also as a result of responses to relevant natural events. For example, in the northern hemisphere hurricanes, typhoons, and floods, which in the last twenty years have led to the emergence of highly outstanding project practices that have contributed to estab- lishing this state of the art. From this point of view, over these last few decades, we have moved away from the idea of a garden to the idea of green infrastructure as a principle that guides the design of what we understand as landscape architecture. Sebastián Rozas R To what extent does the park, as an urban and land- scape project, mediate between nature and the built urban environment? Osvaldo Moreno R The ability of the design to establish gradient con- ditions between natural and urban systems is key. Therefore, in the design of a landscape project, in general, we can identify the boundary conditions -that is, the conditions by which we work the perimeter areas and how we locate the programs and areas of greater use concerning those that have less intensity- will be key to provide conservation of what we want to protect or, on the contrary, if these conditions do not exist or have been lost due to previous impacts, we can establish them from architecture so that this can be recovered and restored. In the case of the Cautín Island Urban Park, the ability to establish this mediation between nature and the city was favored precisely by the ability to draw, to establish the representation of a series of variables and systems that needed to be managed. From this point of view, there are plans in the park's technical file that until then were quite unprecedented. Because, for example, topographic management is established to create better conditions for the vegetation to progressively develop in a better way while the park is being developed. Sebastián Rozas R Nice idea. Designing how the park will live. Osvaldo Moreno R Remember that the park is to a large extent a hy- dro-ecological infrastructure that contributes to remediating and avoiding flooding in the lower areas of Temuco, which are currently populated. Hence, there are planimetries associated with progression plans, with the development of ecosystems within the park that have to do with how the planting of species on day zero will develop over time to strengthen the self-management of natural ecosystems. Moreover, if we enter into this ecological design thinking, we also have other particularities. This ability to promote self-management also reduces maintenance costs by establishing ecological management dynamics in a more self-sustainable way. On the other hand, it also contributes to the park's natural condition -which will later have social, cultural, and even well-being implications- to be effectively sustained over time. MODELING THE WATERS Sebastián Rozas R What strategies and design operations are used to inte- grate the dimension of nature into the city through the landscape project? Osvaldo Moreno R To answer this question I will show a couple of imag- es[L5]. We are looking at the context of the city of Temuco and, here, in this quadrant, we see on the one hand the convergence of the two main avenues, and at this widening of the riverbank is where the park is inserted. The perseverance of this polygon has to do with two factors[L6]. One of the natural order, that is to say, the flooding characteristics of this urban land, and also an anthropic issue. This large area of almost thirty hectares was the training camp for the Tucapel Regiment, which created certain obligatory conservation and also some relevant cultural components. A few days after September 11, 1973, seven detainees were executed, an event that gave rise to the political will to establish this area as a public
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