that mixture, that layering of different layers, those topics that were previously identified as informal. However, the informal does not exist anymore. Informal is only the issues that others have not understood. A person in a Latin American city will say: that's my city, that's normal, that's not informal. However, people who have a modernist orientation in their ideas see it as something that has to be cleaned, fixed, destroyed, reconstructed, etc. What are we doing now? We are exposing ourselves to the realities, measuring, and feeling what is happening in cities. We are producing new models that emerge from reality, not theoretical models. For example, we built the New Urban Plan for Sarajevo. That city hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1984 and, generally, in every city where the Olympic Games are held there are architectural structures, mass public transport systems, and housing. However, Sarajevo does not have an Olympic legacy because it was followed by the Civil War between 1992 and 1995. The panorama of the Olympic Games became a panorama of war in Sarajevo; but now, forty years later we recovered it. Those ideas and projections are important not only for that city but for all of them. We are always looking for local themes but with a bigger projection. Like Medellin, which does not have an Olympic theme, but has conflict and crisis. Our interest is: how does a city invent itself after a conflict or crisis? ETH has an urban research unit in Singapore, although I work in an- ti-Singapore. The list of richest cities starts with Vienna, Zurich, and Vancouver; but we work at the bottom of that list, in cities that are not even on the list anymore. However, most people, in all cities, have the same curiosity: what is the first step to improve the city? In Sarajevo, the city where World War I began, forty percent of the population were migrants and refugees who came from all over Bosnia. The city was under the longest military siege in modern military history for four years and resisted. At the end of the war, Sarajevo had no trees because they cut down the forest for energy, cooking, and heating. Today it is the most polluted city in Europe, with polluted land, water and air. We chose Sarajevo to concentrate all the knowledge and work with the best technologies and the best teams of researchers to carry out a baseline study. We are talking about a city where one million people live in fragile circumstances, people who cannot leave their country's situation to rebuild their lives. We are taking these issues and transferring models. CHANGING THE DISCOURSE José Rosas R Regarding the methodology of the chair at ETHZ, it is important how this could influence the younger generation of archi- tects. There seems to be hope in the face of the cataclysmic world that we are living in with climate change. Can you explain how this sense of hope works? Hubert Klumpner R Now it has become relevant what is happening in other parts of the world, how other societies function, and that perspective is essential to taking action in cities that have fallen into a loss of control. Perhaps there was the idea that our growth is infinite, that it is orderly, but now the biggest specter in Europe is migration and European societies no longer see it as an opportunity. Ultra-right-wing parties are emerging because traditional politicians don't have a plan and don't know what to do with those realities. In 2015, when the migration wave started, Germany agreed to receive one million people. Of those migrants, about fifty percent went back home, others have stayed. In Colombia, there were five million internally displaced people due to the conflict with the FARC, and now seven million Venezuelans have entered the country. The Government, at one point, decided to give temporary status to two million Venezuelans. These are two examples of humanity, absorbing an enormous number of people with all the problems that exist, and I would like to translate that into an example of a project. Our chair is investing in Latin America in terms of intelligence, creativity, and also in financial terms. We are making investments, but not to do business, but to create a result at the urban
level. Pablo is working with the Shakira's Pies Descalzos Foundation and the Santo Domingo Foundation to build schools. The key issue in this discussion is that Colombia lacks as many schools as Switzerland does. We have a picture to illustrate that (shows a drawing). This is the site of a school for more than 1200 students that is in a peripheral urban center in Cartagena. By studying the climatic issue, we arrived at an ideal temperature incorporating winds, humidity, etc. We are creating books and informational material to multiply these buildings in other places; so that there are geometries, materials, and orientations. Therefore, we say to Swiss architects who want to build schools: go to Colombia, they need to build schools there. Pablo Levine R In 2021, we worked on a circular economy project in Santiago, with garbage, and it was striking to realize that in Switzerland that issue has been solved, there is nothing to question. Thus Hubert confronted the Swiss students by telling them that a favela, a Latin Amer- ican slum, is in itself the most circular ecosystem that exists. Maybe it's politically incorrect to say that because the people there are poor, but it's a tremendous lesson because those Swiss students produce forty times more garbage than a person in Latin America. These contrasts are lessons that remain in the mind of a student who has gone through the chair. Hubert Klumpner R I am going to point out something else. We are publishing a book that we were contracted to do by the United Nations. As you know, there are 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals and we were invited to edit number 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities. It was almost two years of work involving Rahul Mehrotra, Mitchel Joaquim, Teddy Cruz, Vincent Chukwuemeka, a doctoral student from Nigeria studying African markets, and Gruia Badescu, a young Romanian geog- rapher working on cities in post-conflict areas. That alone is proof that we are not just paying lip service, that we are working with experienced people, with new voices. We have discovered that we are not going to achieve those sustainability points. This is a half-time summary. (Note: shows a diagram) There is very little green and the rest that is orange-red means that we are not on a good path, and we are not going to achieve these Goals. Applying our knowledge and what we have learned, our approach to that book is that sustainability is a question of creativity and design, not a question of indicators and metrics. That diagnosis is not found in any of the other 17 books about the Goals. In fact, they explained to us that, at one point, they thought about not publishing the book on cities because they considered it outside of the global goals that are very unique: poverty, water quality, and education. We said: the city is the master goal because everything else is within that goal. We need to change the discourse from indicators to a discourse of urban and architectural design. That was our requirement to do this book: to do it with this perspective. In addition, the book will be available online for free, so that anyone can have access to its material. BARRANQUILLA AND THE CARNIVAL Hubert Klumpner R I would like to give another example. The most in- teresting topic in Barranquilla is the carnival, an Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Around here they say: the carnival is the only two weeks when people take off their masks. We try to turn that idea into architecture. We developed patterns and themes with that carnival idea: how to turn an old industrial zone into a renaissance. To reconnect that city with its stories, with its people, but also with the sea and its environments. Those are reconstructed industrial warehouses, and we did it with a program in mind. Because if we have an intangible heritage we have to represent it. We launched into the project by looking at how they produce the carnival. We identified eleven disciplines: singing, dancing, video, audio, cooking, making masks, and so on. We developed the school inside and outside. This school started to be frequented immediately, because be- fore they produced the carnival in the plazas, in their homes, the kitchen,
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