Background
• Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) occurs in less than 2% of all thyroid cancer cases, and it is almost uniformly lethal with an average median survival of 6months (Manikas et al; JAMA Oncol, 2020) • ATC is very aggressive and spreads rapidly within the neck and metastasizes to distant parts of the body, which makes it resistant to standard therapy (surgery, radioactive iodine therapy and chemotherapy) (Zhang et al; EJMC, 2022) • The mutational landscape of ATC is very complex compared to other forms of thyroid cancer, including Papillary (PTC) and Follicular (FTC), due to multiple mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors (Cancer Genome Atlas Research N; Cell, 2014; Landa et al; JCI, 2016) • Thyroid cancers are rich in immune cells, making them a reasonable candidate for immunotherapies (Varrichi et al; IJMS 2019) • To develop new therapeutic strategies, further studies determining the immune cell composition of ATC that favors tumor progression are required
Hypothetical scheme of immune contexture of thyroid cancer (Varrichi et al; IJMS 2019)
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