Proposals to Reform the Federal Money Laundering Statutes
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cannot promote the carrying on of an already completed act. 12
account); United States v. Paramo, 998 F.2d 1212 (3d Cir. 1993) (cashing of fraudulently obtained IRS refund check constituted “ promotion ” because spending proceeds of check promoted the antecedent fraud), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1121 (1994). Accord United States v. Reed, 167 F.3d 984 (6 th Cir. 1999); United States v. Manarite, 44 F.3d 1407 (9 th Cir.), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1138 (1995); United States v. Cavalier, 17 F.3d 90 (5 th Cir. 1994). 12 See United States v. Jolivet, 224 F.3d 902 (8 th Cir. 2000) (antecedent financial transaction did not establish promotion); United States v. Calderon, 169 F.3d 718 (11 th Cir. 1999) (same); United States v. Heaps, 39 F.3d 479 (4 th Cir. 1994) (same); United States v. Jackson, 935 F.2d 832, 841 (7 th Cir. 1991) (same).
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