2025
Impaired Driving Toolkit: A Law Enforcement Leader's Guide to Saving Lives
Table of Contents
VI. V. IV. III. II. I.
P.04
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A MESSAGE FROM THE MADD LAW ENFORCEMENT COMMITTEE
P.06
HALT DRUNK DRIVING LAW: SOLUTION TO ENDING DRUNK DRIVING
P.07
MISSION MOMENT & MADD VICTIM SERVICES
P.09
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: BUILDING TRUST
P.11
HIGH-VISIBILITY LAW ENFORCEMENT
P.15
IX. VIII. VII.
IMPAIRED DRIVING TASK FORCE OVERVIEW
P.19
LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING: ARIDE & DRE
P.21
ADDITIONAL TRAINING RESOURCES & ASSOCIATIONS
P.25
THREE PHASES OF AN IMPAIRED DRIVING INVESTIGATION FOR A PROPER POLICE REPORT
X.
P.27
XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV.
SEARCH WARRANTS
P.31
COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS & IMPAIRED DRIVING
P.33
PROSECUTION AND COURTS
P.37
BE YOUR DEPARTMENT’S LEADER
P.43
RESOURCE REFERENCES: MADD RESOURCES
P.44
XVI.
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES: NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
P.51
XVII.
P.54
CONTRIBUTORS
XVIII.
P.55
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
XIX.
P.60
CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
This Toolkit is Dedicated to Our Heros We honor and remember our hereos killed in 2022 and 2023 in the line of duty due to impaired Driving Incidents
Deputy Sheriff Deputy Sheriff Oscar Bolanos-Anavisca, Christopher Taylor,
Police Officer Logan Medlock, London Police Department, KY 2022
Sergeant Meagan Burke, Oklahoma City
Sergeant Chris Jenkins, Loudon County
Cumberland County Sheriff's Office, NC 2022
Charlotte County Sheriff's Office, FL 2022
Sheriff's Office, TN 2022
Police Department, OK 2022
Sergeant Ramon Gutierrez, Harris County Sheriff's Office, TX
Police Officer Tyler Lenehan, Elk Grove
Reserve Officer Jeffery Michael David Richardson, Poteet Police
Deputy Sheriff Lorenzo Bustos, Smith County Sheriff's Office, TX 2022
Deputy Constable Jennifer Lauren Chavis, Harris County Constable's Office, TX 2022
Police Department, CA 2022
2022
Department, TX 2022
Sergeant Christopher Nelson,
Master Trooper James R. Bailey, Indiana State Police, IN 2023
Patrolman Joseph Barlow, McAlester Police Department, OK
Trooper Martin Francis Mack, III, Pennsylvania State Police, PA
Trooper Branden Tyler Sisca,
Edmond Police Department, OK 2022
Pennsylvania State Police, PA 2022
2023
2022
Tribute to Fallen officers can be found on https://www.odmp.org/
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
A Letter from Our Chief Executive Officer
Dear Law Enforcement Partners,
Since 1980, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has stood shoulder-to-shoulder with law enforcement with one unwavering goal: to put an end to impaired driving. Together, through community programs and enforcement efforts, we've saved countless lives. Your partnership remains vital to our mission. Yet, the work is far from over because we know 2 out of 3 people will be impacted by drunk driving in their lifetime. In 2023 alone, 12,429 people were killed in alcohol-related crashes, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). These tragedies are not only heartbreaking—they are 100% preventable. While fatalities declined slightly in 2023 compared to 2022, drunk driving deaths have still increased by 22% since 2019. Behind every statistic is a family forever changed. We know the dangers you face every day. We see your commitment to keeping our roads safe. And we are deeply grateful for your service. With your continued collaboration, we can— and will —end drunk driving.
Stacey D. Stewart Chief Executive Officer Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Together, we are a force for change.
With gratitude,
Stacey D. Stewart
MADD’s mission is to end drunk and drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes, and prevent underage drinking and other drug use.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Executive Summary
I.
Drivers impaired by alcohol and other drugs have been, and continue to be, a major highway and public safety problem. In 2021, there were 42,939 traffic fatalities, the most in any year since 2005. 13,384, or 31% of those crashes, involved a driver with a blood-alcohol concentration of .08 or higher. This represents a 14% increase over the 11,718 people killed in alcohol-related crashes in 2020. And the 2020 number was a 14% increase from the 2019 alcohol-related fatality number. Since 2019, alcohol-related traffic fatalities have increased by 28%.
Drunk Driving Deaths Increased 14% in 2021
Together, we can end impaired driving.
It was estimated in 2015 that each day in the United States, people drive while intoxicated 300,000 times, but fewer than 3,000 are arrested. (1) This number continues to increase each year. Law enforcement's efforts to remove drunk and drug impaired drivers from our roadways through impaired driving arrests is truly our last line of defense and vital to public and traffic safety across the country. Drunk driving arrests, as reported to the FBI in 2020, are down over 50% from ten years ago. In 2010, the FBI reported 1,140,333 alcohol impaired driving arrests. In 2020, that number has dropped to 560,919 for a decrease of 51%.
Drastic Drop in Alcohol Impaired Arrests
Estimated Number of Alcohol Impaired Arrests from the FBI
Actual Number of Alcohol Arrests Recorded from the FBI
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
I.
Executive Summary
NHTSA’s data on alcohol related fatalities does not include drug-related impaired driving fatalities. Drug impaired driving has also become an emerging and serious public safety threat, especially with the legalization of recreational use of cannabis in many states. Due to complexities surrounding drug-related impaired driving and insufficient data collection on these types of crashes, the exact number of drug- related impaired driving crashes and fatalities is not known. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)® believes there is a link between decreased impaired driving enforcement and increases in crashes, fatalities, and injuries. MADD is the leading national nonprofit organization working to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes, and prevent underage drinking across the United States. Since its establishment in 1980, MADD has demonstrated tremendous progress toward its mission. The success of MADD, our traffic safety partners and other advocates has helped reverse public acceptance of drunk driving and significantly reduce alcohol related traffic fatalities since MADD’s founding; however, the problem is far from solved. MADD understands the critical importance of law enforcement’s challenging role in the identification and arrest of alcohol and drug impaired drivers among the ever-changing traffic enforcement environment. This toolkit serves as a blueprint for law enforcement’s partnership to help MADD eliminate drunk and drug impaired driving and the 100% preventable death and injuries that result. Traffic and road safety is public safety, and the alarming increases in alcohol and drug related traffic fatalities and injuries across our nation are extremely concerning. Addressing these increases through intentional efforts focused on impaired driving enforcement strategies, continued preventative education, community engagement and ongoing public awareness programs are paramount.
This strategic campaign is comprised of four tenants in which MADD focuses our work: Support for Law Enforcement MADD supports law enforcement and high-visibility enforcement efforts to catch drunk drivers and discourage others from driving drunk. Ignition Interlocks for All Offenders MADD supports requirements for ignition interlock devices for all drunk drivers. Support for Advanced Technology MADD supports the development of advanced, passive in-vehicle technology to determine automatically whether the driver is impaired and prevent the driver from operating the vehicle. Public Support MADD engages the public to advocate and fight for the elimination of impaired driving. It’s everyone’s responsibility.
You, our law enforcement partners and heroes, are the last line of defense against impaired driving. We thank you for your efforts to save lives on America’s roadways.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
A Message from the MADD Law Enforcement Committee
II.
The conversations regarding impaired driving have been prolific around the United States for many years. The dangers and tragedy associated with drunk and/or drugged driving are just as prevalent now as it has ever been in previous years. New data suggest that the percentage of crashes involving drivers with blood alcohol content (BAC) over the legal limit has jumped from 19 percent to 26 percent during COVID. Post-COVID, the increased trend of vehicle collisions and impaired driving has continued. We must continue a vigilant path to educate and enforce drunk and drugged driving laws, as many lives depend on it. Law enforcement officers are tasked with saving lives, and we must continue the fight to ensure enforcement and accountability are present to address this issue.
Author
THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNIZING YOUR TEAM
Colonel Jeffery Glover Director, Arizona Department of Public Safety Co-Chair, MADD Law Enforcement Committee
It has been said that what gets measured, gets done. Having a plan with metrics can take care of that piece, but it is also known that what gets recognized gets done. The champion must also be a cheerleader for the individuals who are doing the job and preventing the injuries and deaths. When reporting results, there should also be metrics that point to who is providing the best effort, and those individuals should receive recognition. This can be both formal and informal but must be seen by the entire agency as something that is mission critical. One of the most valuable pieces of advice one of my most trusted mentors, Lieutenant Colonel, Gilbert H. Jones (Ohio State Highway Patrol and Franklin County Ohio Sheriff’s Office), impressed upon me is the need to be authentic, available, caring, and willing to manage by walking around (MBWA). As a law enforcement executive today, MBWA is one of the most effective tools at your disposal to cultivate relationships, understand the culture of your agency, address rumors head-on, and have meaningful dialogue with personnel to ensure they understand where the agency is going, but more importantly, how they fit into the construct of how to get to the destination. Leaders must be intentional about leading from the front while being accepted and approachable enough to connect with every member and level of an agency. I firmly believe the adage is true, "people do not care how much you know until they know how much you care."
Author
Colonel Richard S. Fambro Ohio State Highway Patrol (Retired) Member, MADD Law Enforcement Committee
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HALT Drunk Driving Law: Solution to Ending Drunk Driving
III.
Drunk driving deaths are up 22%: Since 2019, drunk driving deaths have skyrocketed by 22%, with more than 12,000 people killed and nearly 400,000 injured every year.
Congress Has Acted in a Bipartisan Way to Use Lifesaving Technology to Stop These Preventable Drunk Driving Deaths
Since 2006, thousands of drunk driving victims and survivors have advocated for passenger vehicles to incorporate passive technology that prevents drunk driving before it occurs. In 2021, Congress passed the bipartisan Honoring the Abbas Family Legacy to Terminate (HALT) Drunk Driving Act (Section 24220 of PL 117-158) as part of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). The law directs the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to create a rule, or federal motor vehicle safety standard (FMVSS), requiring all new passenger vehicles to have built-in technology to prevent drunk driving. Issuance of an FMVSS will be a game changer. Integrating passive anti-drunk driving technology into every new car will save 10,000+ lives each year, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. During U.S. Secretary of Transportation Sean Duffy’s confirmation hearing, he committed to working with Congress to ensure that NHTSA has the resources it needs to ensure implementation of the HALT Drunk Driving Law is completed.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
HALT Drunk Driving Law: Solution to Ending Drunk Driving
III.
The Auto Industry Has the Solution
What is Anti-Drunk Driving Technology?
The HALT Drunk Driving Law was not tied to a specific technology; Congress recognized the potential for multiple industry-developed solutions to compete for standardization. Anti-drunk driving technology is NOT a breathalyzer or ignition interlock device. The technology is “passive,” which means it operates without driver engagement, seamlessly ensuring a normal driving experience — except for those attempting to drive drunk. NHTSA has already begun implementation of the HALT Drunk Driving Law by issuing an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) in late 2023 and collected more than 18,000 submissions of input through public comment. Technologies in development by auto suppliers include breath- based, touch-based, and monitoring eye movement for alcohol impairment, all of which would take action to prevent a crash if the driver is intoxicated. Our organizations do NOT have a preference regarding the type of technology.
Congress has funded a cooperative agreement between NHTSA and the auto industry for 16 years to develop anti-drunk driving technology. The Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) is one example which is nearing readiness for deployment. ·General Motors CEO Mary Barra confirmed that the auto industry is working on anti-drunk driving technology: “We’ve been working with regulators on that… that’s technology that’s coming that I think is going to be good for everyone,” she said on December 13, 2023, at an event hosted by the Economic Club of Washington, D.C.
Driver Privacy Must Be Protected
No matter which technology or technologies are ultimately selected, Congress, NHTSA, and stakeholders have all acknowledged the importance of safeguarding privacy and ensuring consumer acceptance.
Learn more at madd.org/halt
NHTSA has publicly acknowledged the need for privacy to be protected, and our organizations agree.
The only purpose of the anti-drunk driving technology is to prevent deaths and injuries caused by drunk driving.
Our organizations do NOT support a system that collects, stores, or sells driver data.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
IV.
Mission Moment
Anna-Marie Dalton | Crash Date Feb 19, 2019
“Anna-Marie Elizabeth Dalton was born on April 22, 1995. Anna loved life. She was a dreamer and wanted to make this world a better place. She loved to have fun, laugh, hang out with her friends and family. Anna graduated from Warren County High school in 2013. In 2019, she was working two jobs and coming up on her third year at Shenandoah River State Park where she was the Administrative Assistant. She was also working at Walmart as a Pharmacy technician. Anna had dreams of moving to the Outer banks with her sister after finishing school. Sadly, on February 19, 2019, at the age of 23, Anna was struck and killed. Anna’s dreams will never come true because of one person’s choice to drive impaired, and my world was forever changed. Anna's death has affected me, her mother, in ways that no one can imagine. Nights are filled with pain and days are filled with tears. Grief is a life-long partner that will always be with me. Death is supposed to be final. But for our family we experience the pain of her loss every day.
Anna was such a bright light, and this world is forever a little darker without her in it. She will forever be loved and missed.”
-Kristine Villatoro, Anna’s Mother
Sherman Richardson | Crash Date Dec 5, 2014
“I received a call that my beloved husband of two decades was killed by a hit- and-run impaired driver on his way to work at 6:30 am. Just thirty minutes after he had kissed me goodbye for what would be the last time. My life was forever changed. In the face of unimaginable pain, I found solace and hope through MADD – an organization that has been a guiding light throughout my journey. Since that tragic day, I’ve dedicated myself to transforming my pain into purpose, working alongside MADD to bring awareness to the impact that impaired driving inflicts on our communities, and, for far too many of us, our loved ones.”
-Jawana Richardson, Sherman’s Widow
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
MADD Victim Services and First Responder Resources
IV.
When many people think of MADD, they think of us as a legislative powerhouse, a coalition of passionate people working together with law enforcement and other community partners to prevent these awful crimes from happening. What is surprising to most is that we offer free, robust services to victims and survivors of drunk and drugged driving crashes throughout the United States. MADD offers a 24-Hour Helpline for victims and survivors that offers someone to talk to and answers to some of the many questions that come after a crash. It is also important to note, that this Helpline is also available and encouraged for our dedicated first responders who put their lives on the line everyday as they respond to dangerous calls. MADD recognizes and seeks to honor our partners who see the aftermath of these crashes. We want to provide support to each of you as well. In addition, we want to ensure that you are aware of the additional supportive resources that you can offer to victims and survivors that you serve. If you want to connect a victim or survivor to our services or you, yourself have questions, please reach out to the MADD Helpline at 1-877- 623-3435 (1-877-MADD-HELP). MADD has also developed an online brochure highlighting resources for first responders. We understand and have heard from many first responders that these crashes live with you. When you continue with your work or go home at the end of your shift, sometimes that trauma comes to the surface. This brochure is filled with information about what that can look like and what might be available to help when you are feeling that impact. We encourage you to review the contents and share with your coworkers. Many may never show or share outwardly that impact. MADD wants to encourage and normalize the importance of first responder wellness resources. We know that your jobs are difficult, and we want to ensure that every first responder receives the support they need. Thank you for what you do every day! Your prevention efforts and response efforts after a crash are hugely important and impact many lives.
Author
Heather Ayala National Director Victim Services Mothers Against Drunk Driving
(1-877-623-3435)
MADD's online resource for first responders
You are appreciated.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Community Engagement: Building Trust
V.
In addition, the Enhancing Law Enforcement Response to Victims (ELERV) Strategy introduces federal, state, local, campus, and tribal law enforcement leaders to the concepts and benefits of enhancing their response to victims of all crimes. It also illustrates how every person in a law enforcement agency has a role in effective victim response. Due to the customizable nature of the ELERV Strategy, agencies can easily start small and build on their efforts over time. Implementing the ELERV Strategy can lead to broader community-wide trust and confidence in the police, foster the healing process for victims, increase victim participation, and produce stronger, more comprehensive cases to hold offenders accountable. MADD recognizes and responds in a trauma informed manner because being trauma informed promotes resiliency and healing for those who have been impacted. Drunk and drugged driving are violent crimes that often cause long term harm. Law enforcement agencies are uniquely positioned to address victims' needs immediately after a crime, and the Enhancing Law Enforcement Response to Victims' (ELERV) Strategy can help. MADD is here to support your efforts. SERVING VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS OF DRUNK AND DRUG IMPAIRED DRIVING It is important to build awareness, engagement, and trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, building trust with the community is fundamental to effective policing. There are many ways that community engagement can make a difference. The following sections will discuss several examples of campaigns, recommendations, and options for engaging, educating and building trust in your local communities. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) features a Trust Building Campaign that seeks to enhance trust between police agencies and the communities they serve by ensuring positive community-police partnerships that promote safe, effective interactions, create strategies to prevent and reduce crime, and improve the well-being and quality of life for all. The IACP’s Trust Building Campaign contains policies and practices representing six key focus areas that are essential to enhancing trust and collaboration between communities and police.
Trust Building Campaign 6 key focus areas include: 1.Bias-free policing 2.Use of force 3.Leadership and culture 4. Recruitment, hiring and retention 5.Victim services 6.Community relations
As a community-based organization, MADD can provide support both within and outside of the criminal justice process from immediately after a crash to many years later. MADD can provide support in situations other providers may not be able to, such as when the offender dies in the crash or after
the case is adjudicated. Our scope of services is expansive, ranging from
emotional support, information and referral, assistance finding financial resources, peer support and many other types of services. 11
Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Community Engagement: Building Trust
V.
The Tempe Police Department's initiative to conduct community meetings and seek input on creating equity in traffic safety shows a commitment to serving the community and ensuring the well-being of its residents. Traffic safety is a crucial aspect of maintaining a safe and livable city. By involving the community in the process, the police department can gain valuable insights, perspectives, and concerns from residents. This collaborative approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the specific challenges and needs of the community in terms of traffic safety. Creating a safety plan is essential for ensuring that all residents, regardless of their background or circumstances, have equal access to safe roads and transportation. This can involve various measures, including improving infrastructure, implementing traffic calming strategies, enhancing public transportation options, and increasing educational outreach. Additionally, an traffic safety plan should address any disparities or inequities that exist in traffic enforcement and ensure that law enforcement practices are fair and unbiased. This may involve reviewing and revising policies and procedures to promote transparency, accountability, and community trust. Overall, involving the community in the process of creating a traffic safety plan is a positive step toward building a safer and more inclusive city. It demonstrates a commitment to understanding and addressing the unique needs of the community and working collaboratively toward a common goal of reducing fatal traffic collisions and enhancing the overall well-being of residents. As a final note, utilizing news and social media to promote operations in selected areas before, during, and after, in order to share results is essential to building trust, respect, transparency, and legitimacy that law enforcement executives and the public both seek to achieve. ENGAGING COMMUNITY IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PLANS: A CASE FOR SUPPORT
Author
Colonel Jeffery Glover Director, Arizona Department of Public Safety Co-Chair, MADD Law Enforcement Committee
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Community Engagement: Building Relationships
V.
Law enforcement’s ability to build strong relationships with community organizations can provide impactful awareness and educational opportunities. Conversations and educational presentations about the prevention of drunk and drugged driving, hazardous driving behaviors and underage drinking consequences are great opportunities for law enforcement to engage with community members to prevent future enforcement needs, like substance impaired driving. In addition, awareness campaigns and activities focused on informing the community of the prevalence of underage drinking and substance impaired driving within their neighborhoods are crucial to ensuring transparency and connection between law enforcement strategies and community safety. Many community organizations, businesses, and faith-based groups have adequate facility space to host forums, events, or youth programs that allow positive interactions between members of the community and law enforcement. In addition, places of worship and faith-based organizations can act as neutral territory for difficult conversations, leading to healing between law enforcement and the community and laying out a strategic plan that clearly denotes an intentional relationship with community organizations and shows the commitment needed to address issues of legitimacy for police organizations. Law Enforcement and faith-based organizations can create unique partnerships within a community. Whether formal or informal, faith- based organizations can provide law enforcement with a platform to engage with their community meaningfully. The collaboration can come in many different forms, as faith-based organizations can provide some of the following:
Opportunities for building positive interactions and relationships with the community:
Community events Block Party Events School Partnerships Library Partnerships National Night Out
Coffee with a Cop Events Police Athletic Leagues Child Safety Seat Training Chaplain Academy Cops and Clergy Neighborhood Beautification Community Gardens MADD Events and Programs
The ability to bring a diverse group together Building space
Volunteers from the community The ability to mediate concerns Knowledge of community issues A link between community members and government Connection to social services Potential for counseling services
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Community Engagement: Education and Awareness
V.
At MADD, we know that our hopes for a safer future are riding on tomorrow’s drivers. By getting today’s youth off to a good start, we are taking a giant step toward ending impaired driving for good. MADD is committed to protecting families and communities from substance impaired driving and underage substance use because studies show that kids who start drinking young are seven times more likely to be in an alcohol-related crash. The good news is, we also know that teens who DO NOT drink alcohol until they are 21 are 85% less likely to become a drunk driver later in life than those who drink before age 14. As a result, MADD has created a 3-pronged approach to the prevention of underage drinking and other drug use.
(2)
Parent Education & Empowerment:
Power of Parents® – informs, motivates, and empowers parents and guardians of middle school and high school teens to have critical, lifesaving and ongoing conversations about the dangers of underage drinking and other drug use. Youth Education & Empowerment: Power of You(th)® - empowers teens to take a stand against drinking alcohol and consuming other drugs before 21 and to never ride in a car with someone who has been drinking or using drugs. Power of Me! - is an alcohol use prevention and vehicle safety presentation for 4th and 5th grade elementary school students focusing on educating children on how their brain continues to develop throughout childhood and adolescence, what alcohol does to the developing brain, and why it is important for children to protect their brains. Community Engagement & Mobilization: Power of Community - engages the entire community by utilizing evidence-based strategies for underage drinking prevention as well as community prevention activities that lead toward long- term outcomes that change community norms and systems around underage drinking. Law enforcement plays an important and informative role within each of the prongs of MADD’s underage d prevention approach. We invite and encourage you to engage with your local MADD office and join us in our work to empower the generation that will eliminate substance impaired driving for good. To learn more about these powerful MADD programs, please visit the following link: Underage Drinking - MADD.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
High-Visibility Law Enforcement
VI.
High-Visibility Enforcement (HVE) is a universal traffic safety approach (3) designed to create deterrence and change unlawful traffic behaviors. HVE combines highly visible and proactive law enforcement targeting a specific traffic safety issue with a specific communications campaign to educate on safe travel behavior. It combines enforcement, visibility elements, and a public relations strategy to educate the public and promote voluntary compliance with the law. Checkpoints, saturation patrols and other HVE strategies should include increased publicity and warnings to the public. Although forewarning the public might seem counterproductive to apprehending violators, it increases the deterrent effect. HVE incorporates enforcement strategies, such as enhanced patrols (i.e. saturation patrols) using visibility elements (e.g., electronic message boards, road signs, command posts, Breath Alcohol Test (BAT) mobiles, etc.) designed to make enforcement efforts obvious to the public. It is supported by a coordinated communication and public awareness strategy. HVE may also be enhanced through multi- and jurisdictional efforts and partnerships between people organizations dedicated to the safety of their community. The High-Visibility Enforcement message must emphasize enforcement targeting a specific traffic safety problem. To enhance the visibility of your enforcement, MADD recommends using a combination of ways to alert the public of your efforts and choose multiple, not just one, method. Even if you are unable to support your enforcement with paid media, you can effectively publicize it by sending press releases to all local media outlets and utilizing various social media platforms. Your publicity should always include pre-event, during, and post-event messaging. MADD invites law enforcement to consider dedicating their HVE efforts in honor of a victim or survivor of a substance impaired driving crash. MADD’s rich history has influenced public perception of drunk driving, putting faces to the statistics helps highlight that these crashes are not “accidents” but rather instances of avoidable violence and that the crime of drunk and drugged driving is not “victimless.” This will reinforce the dangers of substance impaired driving. Utilizing victim and survivor stories and sharing statistical information related to crashes in the area of directed enforcement will also help gain the public’s support for such enforcement action.
A saturation patrol is an increased number of police officers patrolling a specific area to look for impaired driving behavior, especially at times and in locations where impaired driving is more common. When implemented fully, saturation patrols are well publicized and regularly (4) conducted. Just like sobriety checkpoints, the goal of saturation patrols is to increase the perceived likelihood that impaired driving will be identified and penalized, leading to a (5) reduction in impaired driving. Saturation patrols are sometimes used when sobriety checkpoints are restricted by state or local laws.
North Carolina DOT released BAT Mobiles, fully equipped for law enforcement to test and process individuals driving while impaired.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
High-Visibility Law Enforcement
VI.
UTILIZING DATA DRIVEN ENFORCEMENT
“As we deal with so many critical issues in public safety today, we must also continue to focus on safety on our roads and highways. Every year over 40,000 people die from unnecessary and avoidable traffic collisions. The Fresno Police, along with many other law enforcement agencies across our country, continue to use proactive enforcement measures such as DUI checkpoints to give our best effort to save people from potentially life-ending collisions. Traffic safety is everyone’s responsibility, and we must hold everyone accountable. We appreciate the federal and state funding available to help in this cause. We are inspired by organizations like MADD who bring education, awareness, and attention to this critical issue. Working together will make a difference and save lives on our roads!” Today, more than ever, it is imperative that law enforcement executives utilize data to drive their operations; especially when focusing on specific traffic, crime, or problem behaviors. Furthermore, the use of data assists law enforcement agencies in achieving organizational strategies while providing opportunities to engage stakeholders through strategic partnerships and problem-solving techniques. Citizens expect law enforcement agencies to address crime and traffic trends, which lead to loss of life, and erode public confidence where safety and security in their homes, neighborhoods, and places of business is concerned. This opportunity to serve can only be enhanced when executives empower their command staff to be transparent, and communicative with the public, while inviting them and other stakeholders to the table to be partners in initiatives that often improve quality of life, increase trust, and in some instances, saves lives. During the planning phase of operations, which includes evaluating data, extending participation invitations to other affected law enforcement agencies and community partners to assist with the initiative is essential. Once all stakeholders are established, meet to discuss the scope of the issue, share data to substantiate the need to act, establish a timeline for the duration of the operation, and educate and involve the community in combating the problem by allowing them the opportunity to understand the “why.”
Community partners should include, but not be limited to: local safety coalitions mayors city councils civic organizations victims and survivors local clergy
When the general public understands the need for traffic enforcement programs, particularly in statistically high crash areas, they are much more supportive of law enforcement’s efforts to address public safety through stepped up enforcement.
Chief Paco Balderrama Fresno Police Department
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High-Visibility Law Enforcement
VI.
UTILIZING DATA DRIVEN ENFORCEMENT: A CASE FOR SUPPORT
Author
Law enforcement executives today face a myriad of issues as they solve complex problems, combat crime, provide safe streets, transportation corridors, and communities for their citizens. Upon being named Superintendent of the Ohio State Highway Patrol in 2019, and through the pandemic, my team and I struggled with many of the same issues, but in particular, the need to combat rising traffic fatalities, while struggling with the complexity of providing traffic safety and other support services to a multitude of partners throughout Ohio, with a dwindling workforce. One of the key tenants to our plan was to reinstitute the use of data to drive our operations; especially when focusing on specific traffic, crime, or problem behaviors. Furthermore, we made it our priority to use that data to assist our law enforcement partners in achieving their organizational strategies while providing opportunities to engage stakeholders through strategic partnerships and problem-solving techniques. The Patrol’s overarching plan was developed realizing that most citizens expect law enforcement agencies to address crime and traffic trends, which lead to loss of life, and erode public confidence where safety and security in their homes, neighborhoods, and places of business is concerned. Therefore, it was imperative that collaboration between our agency, partner agencies, community-based stakeholders, others with a vested interest, and the community was the cornerstone (of the plan). At the end of the day, the use of data, collaboration, and transparency, will only increase a law enforcement agency’s ability to enhance already existing relationships, provide opportunities to cultivate new ones, while improving the quality of life, increasing trust/legitimacy, and in some instances, saving lives.
Colonel Richard S. Fambro Ohio State Highway Patrol (Retired) Member, MADD Law Enforcement Committee
For more information on HVE, please review NTHSA’S High- Visibility Enforcement (HVE) Toolkit. This is a great resource for understanding and implementing HVE.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
High-Visibility Law Enforcement
VI.
MADD also supports the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and law enforcement in their impaired driving mobilizations; which occur twice a year. To deter potential drunk and drug-impaired drivers, they must know enforcement is out there. The mobilizations do just that – let people know that law enforcement is keeping a special eye out for impaired drivers during dangerous parts of the year. HIGH-VISIBILITY ENFORCEMENT (HVE) METHODS: SATURATION PATROLS MADD has designated the Saturday before Labor Day weekend as Saturation Saturday - a day to team up with law enforcement departments nationwide to amplify the message that if you choose to drive impaired, you will get caught. MADD staff and volunteers coordinate with local departments to host media events, roll call briefings and sobriety checkpoints to show support for officers conducting high-visibility enforcement. The campaign is aimed at lowering drunk and drug impaired driving crashes and fatalities during one of the busiest travel weeks of the year. Sobriety checkpoints are organized and coordinated spots on the road where law enforcement officers divert traffic to conduct sobriety checks. Checkpoints are usually set up in locations where data shows a higher rate of crashes and substance impaired driving. The primary purpose of these high-visibility efforts is to remove drunk and drugged drivers from the road, communicate with the public that there is no tolerance for impaired driving, and help end drunk and drugged driving. When checkpoints are planned, publicized, and executed, there are great benefits to communities. Checkpoints work as a deterrent to drunk and drugged driving, get impaired drivers off the road and help law enforcement collect valuable statistics. The biggest benefit is that sobriety checkpoints and increased patrols save lives. Studies show that regular use of checkpoints can decrease impaired driving fatalities by as much as 20 percent. (6) HIGH-VISIBILITY ENFORCEMENT (HVE) METHODS: SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS
How MADD Can Help at a Checkpoint:
Share victim stories- Mission Moment- during Roll Call Provide thank you cards to designated drivers Record statistics, such as counting vehicles and wait times Carry signs, thanking sober drivers Bring food and snacks for the officers
Click here to find a MADD office near you.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Impaired Driving Task Force Overview
VII.
Impaired driving task forces exist to address drunk and drug impaired driving primarily through enforcement and education initiatives. These task forces are sometimes created by state agencies and operate at the statewide level. There are also many task forces that operate at the local (city or county) or regional level. These local task forces may operate like statewide task forces in many ways, including the types of people and agencies that participate in them. However, they may also differ in some ways, including the amount of funding and other resources they have available, the type of activities in which they participate, and how they measure the effectiveness of their efforts. Research has shown that impaired-driving task forces can have a beneficial effect on the incidence or occurrence of impaired driving and impaired driving crashes. (7) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration published A Guide (8) for Statewide Impaired-Driving Task Forces to assist State officials and other stakeholders who are interested in establishing an Impaired- Driving Statewide Task Force or who are exploring ways to improve (9) their current task force. The two-volume guide describes nine local impaired-driving task forces and the approaches taken to create them, decisions made on who to include as members, and how they address impaired driving in their communities. Task forces selected for study represent a wide range of histories, structures, and approaches to conducting task force activities. Nevertheless, there are many similarities between them. Volume I is a guide for local impaired-driving task forces. The guide summarizes the information collected from the various task forces and includes recommendations by task force members. At the end of Volume 1, there are summaries of the nine local task force case studies. THE PRIMARY MISSION OF THE IMPAIRED DRIVING TASK FORCE IS TO PREVENT TRAFFIC DEATHS.
Volume II contains the full-length case studies for each of the nine local task forces identified in Volume 1.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Impaired Driving Task Force Overview
VII.
SHOWCASE: THE INGHAM REGIONAL CRASH INVESTIGATION TEAM
Author
The Ingham Regional Crash Investigation Team (IRCIT) is responsible for policing serious injury and fatal crash scenes within Ingham County. The team is composed of law enforcement officers, forensic experts, and other professionals with expertise in crash investigation and reconstruction. When a serious injury or fatal crash happens, the jurisdiction responsible requests assistance from IRCIT. If members are on duty and can respond, they do. If no crash investigators are on duty, an alert is initiated and up to four investigators respond to the scene. The department who has primary jurisdiction at the scene is responsible for assigning an investigator from their department as the “lead.” The other three assist the lead in whichever role they ask in documenting the crash scene through photographs, scene sketch, forensic crash scene mapping, etc. The law enforcement officers on the team come from various agencies within Ingham County including the Michigan State Police, Lansing Police, Michigan State University Police, Meridian Township Police, Lansing Township Police, East Lansing Police, and the Ingham County Sheriff's Office. Team members assist with crash investigations by collecting and analyzing physical evidence, reconstructing the crash, and determining its cause. The team also includes two dedicated Ingham County prosecutors whose job is to ensure any criminal charges resulting from the investigation are appropriately prosecuted. Overall, this team of crash investigators work closely together to investigate fatal crashes in Ingham County with members from various jurisdictions bringing their unique expertise and resources to the table to ensure a thorough and effective investigation. A recent investigation by IRCIT led to the conviction of Damerious Church on two counts of Operating While Intoxicated Causing Death and two counts of 2nd degree homicide. On March 8, 2019, Church was driving aggressively, and while trying to pass other vehicles on the shoulder, his vehicle left the roadway backwards and striking a tree with the rear of the vehicle, killing his 9-year-old son, Deandre Church, and 8- year-old daughter, De'Asia Church. This investigation was a testament to how a team of investigators worked together to accomplish a goal; to be the voice of and secure justice for the victims.
Ken Stecker Former Michigan Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutor Member, MADD Law Enforcement Committee
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Law Enforcement Training: ARIDE & DRE
VIII.
Law enforcement agencies throughout the country are faced with personnel shortages and reduced budgets often limiting their ability to effectively deal with drunk and drugged driving. However, substance impaired driving has a profound impact on society and public safety. It claims the lives of innocent victims, costing millions of dollars in property damage, medical care, and criminal justice expenditures. Addressing drunk and drug impaired driving must be considered a high priority despite the hindrances and distractions faced by law enforcement. What constitutes substance impaired driving has changed over the years to include many other impairing substances, not just alcohol. Because of this, law enforcement leaders are strongly encouraged to endorse and support the substance impaired driving training programs offered through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). These programs include Standardized Field Sobriety Testing (SFST) and SFST Refresher, Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement (ARIDE) and the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) training. Standardized Field Sobriety Testing remains the foundation of substance impaired driving detection and enforcement for some 800,000 officers across the country. Some states, however, do not require SFST training for officers assigned to patrol functions. Much like with drunk driving, currently the best way to deter and detect would-be drugged drivers is through the use of high-visibility enforcement tactics. Because of the wide array of drugs and their varying levels of impairment, training is key to ridding our roadways of drugged drivers. That’s why MADD supports the full implementation of specialized training programs to assist law enforcement officers in detecting drugged drivers. ADVANCED ROADSIDE IMPAIRED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT (ARIDE) AND DRUG RECOGNITION EXPERT (DRE): WHY BOTH ARE NEEDED
MADD advocates that law enforcement agencies train all officers in SFST proficiency and retraining should occur on a regular basis.
The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) program was created through a collaboration between the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the International Association of Chiefs of Police. The Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) program was developed within the DEC Program to help officers identify drug-impaired drivers.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
Law Enforcement Training: ARIDE & DRE
VIII.
To become a DRE, officers must follow a rigorous three-phase training curriculum and learn to conduct a standardized and systematic 12-step evaluation consisting of physical, mental, and medical components. As of 2023, all 50 states plus the District of Columbia are participating in the program with about 8,000 officers trained nationwide. ARIDE training was developed in 2007 for the purposes of assisting detecting, police officers in “becoming more proficient at apprehending, testing, and prosecuting impaired drivers” and soliciting the investigative assistance of Drug Recognition Experts in drug-impaired driving investigations. While there are similarities between alcohol and many impairing drugs, there are a greater number of behaviors exhibited as the result of drug impairment that often go undetected without additional training and knowledge. Drug-impaired drivers are being stopped by police officers that lack the requisite knowledge and skills to properly identify the driver’s impairment and collect evidence of the crime. ARIDE training addresses this gap in knowledge.
Click here to find a DRE Coordinator in your state.
WHY ARIDE?
ARIDE assists in roadside impaired investigations and builds upon the training in SFST and augments it to test for drug impairment as well. This training also comes at no cost to the agency. However, ARIDE training, like most training, is not without its limitations, and roadside tests are only screening tools. They are designed to efficiently identify substance impaired drivers while facilitating the appropriate a(1n7)d timely release of non-impaired drivers. However, roadside sobriety tests do not provide any corroborating chemical evidence relative to a Driving While Intoxicated (DWI, DUI, OVI, etc.) charge. That evidence is typically available post-arrest. In most jurisdictions, the chemical corroboration for alcohol is in the form of breath or blood testing. With drug-impaired drivers, corroborating chemical evidence can be more complex. While a proven correlation between the alcohol level and the degree of impairment exists, there is no such toxicological connection for drug impairment. The prosecution must establish that any drug levels detected were affecting the driver at the time of the arrest. This is where a specialized trained officer becomes involved— the Drug Recognition Expert.
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving ®
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