Citations and Biblography
[13]The Visual Detection of DWI Motorists. (2022). NHTSA. https://www.nhtsa.gov/document/visual- detection-dwi-motorists
[14]The Visual Detection of DWI Motorists. (2022). NHTSA. https://www.nhtsa.gov/document/visual- detection-dwi-motorists
[15]Zwicker, T. J., Hedlund, J., & Northrup, V. S. (2005, August). Breath test refusals in DWI enforcement: An interim report (Report No. DOT HS 809 876). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/breathtestrefusal/images/BreathTestText.pdf [16]Symoun, J., Kehoe, N., Carlson, L., & Marose, D. (2021, April). Practices for implementing expedited search warrant programs for obtaining evidence from impaired drivers (Report No. DOT HS 812 949). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. [17]Namuswe, E., Coleman, H., & Berning, A. (2014). Breath test refusal rates in the United States – 2011 Administration. update (Report No. DOT HS 811 881). National Highway Traffic Safety https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/%20breath_test_refusal_rates-811881.pdf [18]Berning, A., Compton, R., & Wochinger, K. (2015, February). Results of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 118). Washington, DC: National Highway traffic Safety Administration. [19]Lacey, J. H., Kelley-Baker, T., Furr-Holden, D., Voas, R. B., Moore, C., Brainard, K., … & Berning, A. (2009, December). 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Methodology. (Report No. DOT HS 811 237). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/ staticfiles/nti/pdf/811237.pdf
[20] 49 CFR 383.1 (2017) Federal Register :: Request Access. (n.d.). Unblock.federalregister.gov. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-383
[21]National District Attorneys Association. Commercial Drivers’ Licenses: A Prosecutor’s Guide to the Basics of Commercial Motor Vehicle Licensing and Violations, Second Edition, https://ndaa.org/resource/CDL- Monograph (2017)
22]Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Fatality Facts 2020, Large Trucks, Large trucks (iihs.org)
[23]Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2020 | FMCSA (dot.gov)
[24]Some states treat a .04 violation as a criminal offense and others treat the test result as a license violation leading to administrative sanctions only. However, in all cases, the CDL holder will be disqualified for refusing properly requested test under a state’s impaired driving law. 49 CFR 383.51 (table 1) (2017).
[25]145 Cong. Rec. H. 12870-12874 (1999)
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