Task Analysis & Chaining
plate on the placemat and complete the rest of the steps. When the learner can perform one step independently on a few occasions, the teacher requires that two steps be completed to earn reinforcement. Chaining also can be taught using a backward chaining procedure. In this approach to chaining, the individual is led through all the steps of the chain and first learns how to do the last step independently (placing the cup, in the above example). Then, the learner would achieve independence on the final two steps, and then the final three steps, and so on until the chain is completed independently. Backward chaining has an advantage over forward chaining in some situations. This advantage is the immediate availability of natural reinforcers for completing the last step. In the above example, after the learner places his cup on the table, dinner is served. Food and drink are great reinforcers. Another example is teaching a child to put on his coat before going outside to the swings. As soon as he completes the final step(s) of the backward chain (zipping the coat), he can run outside! This systematic approach offers many opportunities for the learner to become familiar with the task, the teacher to reinforce new skills, and both to enjoy the
Resources
process.
Baker, B. L., & Brightman, A. J. (2003). Steps to independence: Teaching everyday skills to children with special needs (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing. Foxx, R. M. (1982). Increasing behaviors of persons with severe retardation and autism. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
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ABA Principles & Methods
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