- ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ) :(Homophily اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ أو ﺣﺐ اﳌﺜﻞ، ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﺗﺮى أن اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﲤﻴﻞ إﱃ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ذا ¼ ﺎ 1 ، أي ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى " اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ." ﻫﺬا اﳌﻔﻬﻮم وﺿﻌﻪ ﺑﻮل ﻻزرﺳﻔﻴﻠﺪ وروﺑﺮت ﻣﲑﺗﻮن ) Robert (K. Merton ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎم 1954 ، وﻗﺪ ﻣﻴﱠﺰا ﺑﲔ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ) (status homophily وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎت ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺮق واﳉﻨﺲ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ، وﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ) (value homophily ، وﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ذوي اﳌﻮاﻗﻒ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ اﳌﺘﺸﺎ Í ﺔ 2 . - ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﺮة أو ا P ﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﲑة ) Small Groups: The Clique :(Theory ﻋّﺮف ﺟﻮرج ﻫﻮﻣﺎﻧﺰ ) (George Homans اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ) (group ﺑﺄ Û ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮن ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻓﱰة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ، وﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﲟﺎ ﳝّﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ . واﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﲑة اﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ، ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ أول ﺧﱪة اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮد ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ، ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺮة وﻣﺮورا ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء وزﻣﻼء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻏﲑﻫﻢ . واﻟﺰﻣﺮة ) (Clique أﺣﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ا o ﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﲑة ﻫﺬﻩ، وﺗﻌﲏ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻓﺮاد ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت وﺛﻴﻘﺔ وﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﺗﺒﺎدل ﻷﻫﺪاف ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ 3 . وﰲ ﲝﻮث اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت أﺧﺬ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﻲ واﺳﺮﻣﺎن ) (Stanley Wasserman وﻛﺎﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﺖ ) (Katherine Faust ﻫﺬا اﳌﻔﻬﻮم وﺟﻌﻼﻩ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﻣﱰاﺑﻄﲔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ وﳎﺎورﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ، وﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ) اﳋﺎرﻃﺔ ( ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑة ) (subgroup 4 . Á ﻟًﺜﺎ: ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﱃ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ - ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺸﻬﺮة ) (Popularity ﰲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ : ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﰲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ، وذﻟﻚ إﻣﺎ ﻷن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﲰﺎت وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﲤﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﳉﻨﺲ Roland Burt, "Structural holes and good ideas," American Journal of Sociology, Vol 110, Issue 2, (2004): 349–399. 1 - Anna Evtushenko, Jon Kleinberg, "The paradox of second-order homophily in networks. Scientific Reports 11, Article Number 13360 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92719-6. 2 - Paul Lazarsfeld , Robert K. Merton, "Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis," in Morroe Berger, et al., Eds. Freedom and control in modern society (D. Van Nostrand Company,1954), 18–66. 3 - George Homans, The human group (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1950), P1. 4 - Stanley Wasserman, Katherine Faust, Social network analysis: Methods and applications, 8, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p 254.
137
Made with FlippingBook Online newsletter