12–18 YEARS + $1 . 3B = 1 DRUG
90 percent of drug candidates fail during
• Target identification/validation • Assay development • Lead generation DRUG DISCOVERY
5,000 - 10,000
3-5 years
the three phases of clinical trials
Compounds
PRE-CLINICAL
250
1-2 years
• In vitro and in vivo toxicity • ADMET • PK/PD
This alarming failure rate can be traced in part to reliance on 2D cell cultures or animal models that don’t closely mimic complex human biology. The results are inaccurate predictions of a drug’s potential and extended drug development timelines.
CLINICAL TRIALS
90% FAIL
6-7 years
10
• Phase I • Phase II • Phase III
REGULATORY APPROVAL
1
1-2 years
1
1 DRUG
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