INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Notable Pandemics Throughout History Pandemic Years Pathogen
What’s the Difference?
Location
uncertain, possibly measles, typhoid fever or smallpox
Egypt, Libya, Persia, Greece
Pandemic
Plague of Athens
430–426 BCE
Endemic
Outbreak
Epidemic
Resources about the COVID-19 pandemic HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology has created a series of brief videos explaining key concepts associated with COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. New videos are uploaded regularly. The entire collection can be found at https://hudsonalpha.org/beyond-the-blog .
The constant presence of a disease at the usual incidence
The incidence increases above endemic levels (often suddenly)
The epidemic has spread globally
The outbreak has spread to larger geographic areas
Antonine Plague
165–180
Roman Empire
believed to be smallpox (variola virus) plague (Yersinia pestis bacteria) plague (Yersinia pestis bacteria
Plague of Justinian
541–
Mediterranean
549
Black Death
1346–
Eurasia
1353
smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, plague, typhus, malaria
The following videos highlight key content especially relevant to life science students.
Columbian Exchange
1492–
Native Ameri- can populations across the Caribbean and Americas
1600
cholera (Vibrio cholerae bacteria)
Cholera Pandemics
1817– today
Global
7 pandemics
What are infectious diseases? Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by microorganisms like
What are zoonotic diseases? Zoonotic diseases are illnesses that spread between animals (both wild and domesticated) and people. As many as 60% of known human infectious diseas- es are zoonotic. Often the animals don’t experience symptoms but are reservoirs — live “holding tanks” for the microbe. Spillover events occur when the pathogen jumps from its traditional host to a new species, like humans. Common Zoonotic Diseases and Animal Reservoirs:
influenza A virus (H1N1)
1918 Flu
1918–
Global
1919
1957 Flu
1957–
influenza A virus (H2N2)
Global
1958
1968 Flu
1968–
influenza A virus (H3N2)
Global
1969
bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
Date Posted
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV/AIDS
1981– today
Global
While most microorganisms are harmless, or even beneficial, a small percent can cause serious disease. These are sometimes described as “pathogens” and are often informally called germs. How do infectious diseases spread? Infections are transmitted in different ways, depending on the type of infection l direct contact with bodily fluids that contain infectious particles l touching a contaminated surface and then touching eyes, nose or mouth l direct or indirect contact with animals or insects l contaminated food or water
Topic
General Overview What is Coronavirus? Symptoms and Testing
Cats .........................toxoplasmosis ........................................ pasteurella ...........................................ringworm
SARS
2003
coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
37 countries
3/24/20 5/6/20 9/16/20
influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09)
Swine Flu
2009–
Global
COVID-19 Strains and Mutations
Bats ...................................Ebola virus .......................................................SARS ...................................................... MERS ...................................................... rabies
2010
Disease Transmission COVID-19 Spread and Prevention
Zika
2015–
flavivirus (Zika virus)
Global
3/24/20 6/3/20 6/18/20 7/15/20
2016
Dogs ..................................... rabies ........................................noroviruses ........................................... ringworm ..........................................hookworm
Herd Immunity
COVID-19 Risk Assessment
COVID-19
2019– today
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
Global
Asymptomatic Spread
Ticks ............................ Lyme disease . ............ Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Testing How is COVID-19 Testing Done? 3/27/20 COVID-19 Testing and Transmission 5/20/20
Pandemic Preparedness and Responses l Surveillance to monitor potential infectious threats l Prevent and extinguish outbreaks before they escalate to pandemic scale l Communicate protective and preventative actions to minimize transmission l Detect, report and track cases rapidly and accurately l Reduce interactions between infected and uninfected populations — travel restrictions, quarantine, physical distancing, school and business closures l Decrease infectivity of patients and severity of illness through treatments with antivirals, antibodies etc. l Reduce susceptibility of uninfected people through vaccines
Mosquitoes . .....................malaria . ..............................................dengue . .................................West Nile virus . ..........................................Zika virus
Why are pandemics becoming more likely? The number of infectious disease outbreaks around the world has
Treatment COVID-19 Treatments Overview COVID-19 Anti-Viral Drugs Antibodies and Treatment (2 parts)
3/27/20 4/1/20 4/23/20 6/5/20 8/26/20
risen over the last 40 years. The risk that an outbreak expands into an epidemic or pandemic has also increased due to: l Increasing human population and urbanization l Unclean water and poor sanitation l Global trade and travel l Increased contact between humans and animals l Changing climate l Weak healthcare infrastructure in outbreak-prone areas l Increasing drug resistance for disease-causing bacteria
Birds ................bird flu (H1N1, H5N1) . .......................................salmonellosis
Antibodies
Cows ............................ brucellosis . ...............................Escherichia coli . ......................................... ringworm . ..................................salmonellosis
Convalescent Plasma
Vaccines Vaccines
4/6/20 7/22/20 7/29/20
Rodents ............................hantavirus . ...................................................plague . ........................................ rat-bite fever
COVID-19 and Immune Response
Vaccine Update
18
19
SCIENCE FOR LIFE
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