ED Guidebook2020_21Digital

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Notable Pandemics Throughout History Pandemic Years Pathogen

What’s the Difference?

Location

uncertain, possibly measles, typhoid fever or smallpox

Egypt, Libya, Persia, Greece

Pandemic

Plague of Athens

430–426 BCE

Endemic

Outbreak

Epidemic

Resources about the COVID-19 pandemic HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology has created a series of brief videos explaining key concepts associated with COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. New videos are uploaded regularly. The entire collection can be found at https://hudsonalpha.org/beyond-the-blog .

The constant presence of a disease at the usual incidence

The incidence increases above endemic levels (often suddenly)

The epidemic has spread globally

The outbreak has spread to larger geographic areas

Antonine Plague

165–180

Roman Empire

believed to be smallpox (variola virus) plague (Yersinia pestis bacteria) plague (Yersinia pestis bacteria

Plague of Justinian

541–

Mediterranean

549

Black Death

1346–

Eurasia

1353

smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, plague, typhus, malaria

The following videos highlight key content especially relevant to life science students.

Columbian Exchange

1492–

Native Ameri- can populations across the Caribbean and Americas

1600

cholera (Vibrio cholerae bacteria)

Cholera Pandemics

1817– today

Global

7 pandemics

What are infectious diseases? Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by microorganisms like

What are zoonotic diseases? Zoonotic diseases are illnesses that spread between animals (both wild and domesticated) and people. As many as 60% of known human infectious diseas- es are zoonotic. Often the animals don’t experience symptoms but are reservoirs — live “holding tanks” for the microbe. Spillover events occur when the pathogen jumps from its traditional host to a new species, like humans. Common Zoonotic Diseases and Animal Reservoirs:

influenza A virus (H1N1)

1918 Flu

1918–

Global

1919

1957 Flu

1957–

influenza A virus (H2N2)

Global

1958

1968 Flu

1968–

influenza A virus (H3N2)

Global

1969

bacteria

viruses

fungi

parasites

Date Posted

human immunodeficiency virus

HIV/AIDS

1981– today

Global

While most microorganisms are harmless, or even beneficial, a small percent can cause serious disease. These are sometimes described as “pathogens” and are often informally called germs. How do infectious diseases spread? Infections are transmitted in different ways, depending on the type of infection l direct contact with bodily fluids that contain infectious particles l touching a contaminated surface and then touching eyes, nose or mouth l direct or indirect contact with animals or insects l contaminated food or water

Topic

General Overview What is Coronavirus? Symptoms and Testing

Cats .........................toxoplasmosis ........................................ pasteurella ...........................................ringworm

SARS

2003

coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

37 countries

3/24/20 5/6/20 9/16/20

influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09)

Swine Flu

2009–

Global

COVID-19 Strains and Mutations

Bats ...................................Ebola virus .......................................................SARS ...................................................... MERS ...................................................... rabies

2010

Disease Transmission COVID-19 Spread and Prevention

Zika

2015–

flavivirus (Zika virus)

Global

3/24/20 6/3/20 6/18/20 7/15/20

2016

Dogs ..................................... rabies ........................................noroviruses ........................................... ringworm ..........................................hookworm

Herd Immunity

COVID-19 Risk Assessment

COVID-19

2019– today

coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Global

Asymptomatic Spread

Ticks ............................ Lyme disease . ............ Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Testing How is COVID-19 Testing Done? 3/27/20 COVID-19 Testing and Transmission 5/20/20

Pandemic Preparedness and Responses l Surveillance to monitor potential infectious threats l Prevent and extinguish outbreaks before they escalate to pandemic scale l Communicate protective and preventative actions to minimize transmission l Detect, report and track cases rapidly and accurately l Reduce interactions between infected and uninfected populations — travel restrictions, quarantine, physical distancing, school and business closures l Decrease infectivity of patients and severity of illness through treatments with antivirals, antibodies etc. l Reduce susceptibility of uninfected people through vaccines

Mosquitoes . .....................malaria . ..............................................dengue . .................................West Nile virus . ..........................................Zika virus

Why are pandemics becoming more likely? The number of infectious disease outbreaks around the world has

Treatment COVID-19 Treatments Overview COVID-19 Anti-Viral Drugs Antibodies and Treatment (2 parts)

3/27/20 4/1/20 4/23/20 6/5/20 8/26/20

risen over the last 40 years. The risk that an outbreak expands into an epidemic or pandemic has also increased due to: l Increasing human population and urbanization l Unclean water and poor sanitation l Global trade and travel l Increased contact between humans and animals l Changing climate l Weak healthcare infrastructure in outbreak-prone areas l Increasing drug resistance for disease-causing bacteria

Birds ................bird flu (H1N1, H5N1) . .......................................salmonellosis

Antibodies

Cows ............................ brucellosis . ...............................Escherichia coli . ......................................... ringworm . ..................................salmonellosis

Convalescent Plasma

Vaccines Vaccines

4/6/20 7/22/20 7/29/20

Rodents ............................hantavirus . ...................................................plague . ........................................ rat-bite fever

COVID-19 and Immune Response

Vaccine Update

18

19

SCIENCE FOR LIFE

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